ISSN 2367-5365 (online) ISSN 0342-7536 (print) LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA %PEWSDFT Volume 37 • Number 2 • 2014 http://nl.pensoft.net SOCIETAS EUROPAEA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA e.V. http:/ /nl.pensoft.net Honorary Members Günter Ebert (D), Pamela Gilbert (GB), Barry Goater (GB), Peter Hëttenschwiler (CH), Prof. Dr Niels P. Kristensen (DK), Dr Kauri Mikkola (FI), Prof. Dr Zoltan S. Varga (H) Council President: Vice-President: General Secretar)^: Treasurer: Membership Secretary: Ordinary Council Members: Dr Gerhard Tarmann (A) Prof. Dr Joaquin Baixeras (E) Dr Erik van Nieukerken (NL) Dr Robert Trusch (D) Willy De Prins (B) Eric Drouet (F), Andrea Grill (A), Matthias Nuss (D), Thomas Simonsen (UK), Boyan Zlatkov (BG) Nota Lepidopterologica A journal focussed on Palaearctic and General Lepidopterology Published by Pensoft Publishers on behalf of the Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica e.V. Editor. Jardanka Rota Linguistic Editor. Adrian Spalding Editorial Board. Sven Erlacher (subject editor; Chemnit2, D), Thomas Fartmann (subject editor; Münster, D), Zdenek F. Eric (subject editor; Ceské Budejovice, CZ), Axel Hausmann (subject editor; Munich, D), Peter Huemer (subject editor; Innsbruck, A), Lauri Kaila (subject editor; Hel- sinki, FL), Ole Karsholt (Copenhagen, DK), Bernard Landry (subject editor; Genève, CH), Carlos Lopez- Vaamonde (subject editor; Orléans, F), Vazrick Nazari (subject editor: Ottawa, CA), Erik J. van Nieukerken (subject editor; Leiden, NL), Matthias Nuss (Dresden, D), Thomas Schmitt (subject editorl; Trier, D), Wolfgang Speidel (Bonn, D), Alberto Zilli (subject editor; London, UK). Cover image: 7.jgaena speciosa speciosa (Figs 16, 17, 19, 20 in Hofmann & Naderi: Contribudon to the know- ledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775) © Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL) ISSN 0342-7536 Printed by Neue Druckhaus Dresden GmbH AU content is Open Access distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Authors are thus encouraged to post the pdf files of pubUshed papers on their homepages or elsewhere to expedite distribution. NOTA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA Volume 37 No. 2 • Sofia, 15.12.2014 • ISSN 0342-7536 Reinhard Gaedike. The authorship of the taxa in the paper of Lienig & Zeller, 1846 107-111 Atousa Farahpour Haghani, Bijan Yaghoubi, Farzad Majidi-Shilsar, Naser Davatghar, Leif Aarvik. The biology of Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on Sagittaria trifolia L. (Alismataeeae) in paddy fields in Iran 113-121 Konstantin A. Efetov, Axel Hofmann, Gerhard M. Tarmann, Walter Gerald Tremewan. Taxonomic comments on the treatment of the Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) in volume 3 of Moths of Europe, Zygaenids, Pyralids 1 and Brachodids (2012) 123-133 Peter Ustjuzhanin, Vasily Kovtunovich. New data on the many-plumed moths (Alucitidae, Lepidoptera) of the Far East of Russia 135-139 Dirk Stadie, Axel Hausmann, Hossein Rajaei Sh. Cataclysme subtilisparsataWohYli, 1932 (Eepidoptera, Geometridae, Earentiinae) recognized as bona species - an integrative approach 141-150 Konstantin A. Efetov, Axel Hofmann, Gerhard M. Tarmann. Application of two molecular approaches (use of sex attractants and DNA barcoding) allowed to rediscover Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968) (Eepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Procridinae), hitherto known only from the female holotype 151-160 Wolfram Mey. Phyllobrostis minoica sp. n. from Crete (Greece) - an expected discovery (Eepidoptera, Yponomeutoidea, Eyonetiidae) 161-165 r FEBOZZütS J Ns^/brar\^.^^ Axel Hofmann, Alireza Naderi. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz 1 67-1 8 1 David Agassiz. Book Review: The Afrotropical Scythrididae, Esperiana Memoir 7 1 83-1 84 Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 107-111 | DPI 10.3897/nl.37.7695 The authorship of the taxa in the paper of Lienig & Zeller, 1846 Reinhard Gaedike* 1 Flonisstraße 5, 53225 Bonn, Germany; tinagma@msn.com http://zoobank.org/1258F9AB-85AD-434F-8BlC-87D9397JD3C8 Received 10 April 2014; accepted 3 June 2014; published: 8 September 2014 Subject Editor: Lauri Kaila. Abstract. The authorships of the taxa described in the paper of Lienig & Zeller, 1 846, are discussed. The authorship of all species newly described in this paper should be assigned to both. A list of the taxa newly described in that paper and their current taxonomic status is provided. Zusammenfassung. Die Autorenschaft für die in der Arbeit von Lienig & Zeller, 1 846, beschriebenen Taxa wird diskutiert. Für alle in dieser Arbeit neu beschriebenen Arten sollten beide Namen als Autoren angesehen werden. Eine Liste der neubeschriebenen Taxa mit ihrem gegenwärtigen taxonomischen Status wird vorgelegt. Introduction In a paper on the Latvian regions of Livland and Curland (Vidzeme and Kurzeme) by Lienig and Zeller (1846) a number of species from several Lepidoptera families were newly described; how- ever, there exist conflicting views with regard to their correct authorships. The reasons for such uncertainty lie in the ambiguous way in which the authorship of this paper is expressed: “...Bear- beitet von Friederike Lienig, geb. Berg, mit Anmerkungen von P. C. Zeller, [worked by Friederike Lienig ..., with annotations by P. C. Zeller]” and in the fact that the names of the described taxa were credited to a variety of authors: “Lienig nov. sp.;” “Zell. nov. sp.;” “nov. spec.;” “Tischer in litt.;” “Heyden nov. sp.;” “Tr[eitschke]. in litt.” As a result, the new taxa were subsequently attrib- uted variously to “Lienig”, “Zeller” or “Lienig & Zeller”. Examining the text it is hardly possible to be certain in each case which part of an original de- scription was written by Lienig and which by Zeller. Most, if not all, descriptions contain elements contributed by both authors (e.g. biological information and descriptions of the larva are usually by Lienig), and the use of the personal pronoun / refers in some instances to Lienig in others to Zeller. It seems therefore justified uniformly to attribute the authorship of all the taxa described as new in that paper jointly to “Lienig & Zeller”. 108 Gaedike: The authorship of the taxa in the paper of Lienig & Zeller, 1846 List of the taxa newly described by Lienig and Zeller 1846, with their original attribution and their current taxonomic status acuminatana Zell. nov. sp. {Grapholitha[s\c\}){p. 256) Current status: Dichrorampha acuminatana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. arctata Lienig nov. sp. (Cidaria) (p. 199) Current status: Martania taeniata (Stephens, 1831) Syn.: Cidaria arctata Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Geometridae. bisontella Lienig nov. sp. (Ochsenheimeria) (p. 274) Current status: Ochsenheimeria urella Fischer v. Röslerstamm, 1842 Syn.: Ochsenheimeria bisontella Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Ochsenheimeriidae. ciniflonella Lienig nov. sp. (Depressaria) (p. 280) Current status: Exaeretia ciniflonella (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Depressariidae. comariana Lienig nov. sp. (Teras) (p. 263) Current status: Aeleris eomariana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae conterminata nov. spec. (Larentia) (p. 197) Current status: Eupitheeia eonterminata (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Geometridae costiguttella Lienig nov. sp. {Gelechia) (p. 290) Current status: Brachmia dimidiella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Syn: Gelechia costiguttella Lienig & Zeller, 1846 cuphana Tischer in litt. {Grapholitha[s\c\\) (p. 245) Current status: Rhopobota stagnana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Syn.: Grapholita cuphana Lienig & Zeller, 1846. A junior primary homonym of Grapholita cuphana Duponchel, 1843 - Tortricidae, Olethreutinae. Remarks. According to J. Baixeras (pers. comm.) this homonymy has remained hitherto un- noticed. deauratella Lienig nov. sp. (Coleophora) (p. 295) Current status: Coleophora deauratella Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Coleophoridae. diaphanella Lg. nov. sp. {Gelechia) (p. 285) Current status: Helcystogramma rufescens (Haworth, 1828) Syn.: Gelechia diaphanella Lienig & Zeller, 1846. - Gelechiidae. flavaginella Lienig {Coleophora) (p. 295) Current status: Coleophora sternipennella {ZQttQrstQdt, 1839) Syn: Coleophora flavigenella Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Coleophoridae. fuliginosella Lienig nov. sp. {Tinea) (p. 273) Current status: Elatobia fuliginosella (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tineidae. gaUicolana Heyden nov. sp. {Grapholitha) (p. 255) Current status: Pammene gaUicolana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. gimmerthaliana Lienig nov. sp. {Grapholitha[s\c\f} (p. 247) Current status: Epinotia gimmerthaliana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. Remarks: See gimmerthaliania. gimmerthaliania Lienig nov. sp. {Grapholitha[s\c\\) (p. 247) Current status: Epinotia gimmerthaliana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 107-111 109 Remarks: The name gimmerthaliania is an incorrect (of a multiple) original spelling. Although it is used in the main heading of this species, the spelling gimmerthaliana commences the Latin diagnosis and was subsequently accepted as the correct spelling. grandaevana Lienig nov. sp. (Pedisca) (p. 238) Current status: Epiblema grandaevana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. hepatariella Lienig nov. sp. (Depressaria) (p. 282) Current status: Levipalpus hepatariella (Lienig & Zeller, 1 846) - Depressariidae. hiibneriana [sic!] Lienig nov. sp. {Paedisca) (p. 237) Current status: Pelochrista huebneriana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. immundata nov. spec. (Larentia) (p. 194) Current status: Eupithecia immundata (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Geometridae. improbata Tr. in litt. {Larentia) (p. 196) Current status: Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Haworth, 1 809) Syn: Larentia improbata Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Geometridae. incana Zell. nov. sp. [Grapholitha[s\c\]) (p. 239) Current status: Eucosma wimmerana (Treitschke, 1835) Syn: Grapholitha[sic\] incana Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Tortricidae. inquinatalis Lienig nov. sp. (Scopula) (p. 205) Current status: Udea inquinatalis (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Crambidae. internella Lienig nov. sp. (Gelechia) (p. 291) Current status: Thiotricha subocellea (Stephens, 1834) Syn: Gelechia internella Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Gelechiidae. lamana Zell. nov. sp. (Phoxopteris) (p. 257) Current status: Bactra furfur ana (Haworth, 1811) Syn: Phoxopteris lamana Lienig & Zeller, 1 846 - Tortricidae. leguminana Lienig nov. sp. {Grapholitha[sicl]) (p. 253) Current status: Cydia leguminana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. lienigiana v. Tischer in litt. (Penthina) (p. 213) Current status: Argyroploce lediana Linnaeus,! 758 - Tortricidae. Syn: Penthina lienigiana Lienig & Zeller, 1846 lienigiella Zell. n. sp. {Cosmopteryx) (p. 298) Current status: Cosmopterix lienigiella (Lienig & Zeller, 1 846) - Cosmopterigidae. lucivagana Lienig nov. sp. (Sericoris) (p. 229) Current status: Celypha rurestrana (Duponchel, 1843) Syn: Sericoris lucivagana Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Tortricidae. nitidulana Lienig nov. sp. {Phoxopteris) (p. 259) Current status: Gypsonoma nitidulana (Lienig & Zeller, 1 846) - Tortricidae. obumbratana Lienig nov. sp. {Grapholitha\s\c\]) (p. 240) Current status: Eucosma obumbratana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. ochsenheimeriana Lienig nov. sp. {Graph olitha[sic\\) (p. 249) Current status: Pammene ochsenheimeriana (Lienig & Zeller, 1 846) - Tortricidae. padana Lienig nov. sp. {Grapholitha[sicl]) (p. 243) Current status: Epinotia signatana (Douglas, 1845) - Tortricidae. Syn: Grapholitha[sic\] padana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) 110 Gaedike: The authorship of the taxa in the paper of Lienig & Zeller, 1846 pallifrontana Zell. In litt. {Grapholitha[s\c,\]) (p. 251) Current status: Grapholita pallifrontana Zeller, 1845 Syn: Grapholitha[sic\] pallifrontana Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Tortricidae. Remarks: Zeller (1845) named on p. 14 under Grapholitha[sic\] “1630 Pallifrontana Zeller: Kreisewitz, im Sommer einzeln” and figured (fig. 15) this species as Graph, pallifrontana in: 5. Bericht des schlesischen Tauschvereins fur Schmetterlinge 1844. This figure is the valid de- scription of the taxon. palustrana Lienig nov. sp. (Sericoris) (p. 230) Current status: Phiaris palustrana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. pascualis Lienig nov. sp. (Botys) (p. 206) Current status: Udea lutealis (Hübner, 1809) Syn: Botys pascualis Lienig & Zeller, 1 846 - Crambidae. pinicolana Zell. nov. sp. {Grapholitha[s\c\Y) (p. 242) Current status: Zeiraphera griseana (Hübner, 1799) Syn: Grapholitha[sic\] pinicolana Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Tortricidae. pinivorana Zell. nov. sp. {Coccyx) (p. 225) Current status: Rhyacionia pinivorana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. plumbatana Zell. nov. spec. {Grapholitha[sic\f) (p. 249) Current status: Pammene splendidulana (Guenée, 1845) Syn: Grapholitha[sic\] plumbatana Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Tortricidae. postremana Lienig nov. sp. {Sericoris) (p. 231) Current status: Pristerognatha penthinana (Guenée, 1845) Syn: Sericoris postremana Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Tortricidae. prolongata Lienig nov. sp. {Larentia) (p. 198) Current status: Eupithecia extensaria (Freyer, 1844) Syn: Larentia prolongata Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Geometridae. pruinosella Lienig nov. sp. {Gelechia) (p. 288) Current status: Athrips pruinosella (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Gelechiidae. pulchella Lienig nov. sp. {Argyresthia) (p. 293) Current status: Argyresthia pulehella Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Argyresthiidae. redimitella Z. in litt. {Tin. Lampronia) (p. 271) Current status: Lampronia redimitella (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Prodoxidae. ruptana Lienig {Teras) (p. 261) Current status: Acleris sparsana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Syn: Teras sparsana var. ruptana Lienig & Zeller, 1 846 - Tortricidae. serraria Lienig nov. sp. {Cidaria) (p. 200) Current status: Heterothera serraria (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Geometridae. splendidella Lienig nov. sp. {Coleophora) (p. 296) Current status: Metriotes lutarea (Haworth, 1828) Syn: Coleophora splendidella Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Coleophoridae. strigulatella Lienig in litt. {Lithoeolletis) (p. 300) Current status: Phyllonorycter strigulatella (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Gracillariidae. suspectana Lienig nov. sp. {Grapholitha) (p. 255) Current status: Pammene suspectana (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Tortricidae. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 107-111 111 temerella Lienig nov. sp. (Gelechia) (p. 284) Current status: Anacampsis temerella (Lienig & Zeller, 1 846) - Gelechiidae. torquatella Lienig nov. sp. (Oecophora) (p. 279) Current status: Atemelia torquatella (Lienig & Zeller, 1846) - Praydidae. vacciniana Tischer in litt. {Grapholitha[&\c\\} (p. 248) Current status: Rhopobota myrtillana (Humphreys & Westwood, 1845) Syn: Grapholitha[sicl] vacciniana Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Tortricidae. vacciniella Lienig nov. sp. {Epischnia) Current status: Ortholepis vacciniella (Lienig & Zeller, 1 846) - Pyralidae. vinctaria Lienig nov. spec. (Idaea) (p. 203) Current status: Macaria loricaria (Eversmann, 1837) Syn: Idaea vinctaria Lienig & Zeller, 1846 - Geometridae. Acknowledgements I thank Klaus Sattler (Natural History Museum London) for useful comments and for linguistic corrections and Joaquin Baixeras for information concerning the taxonomic status of cuphana Lienig & Zeller, 1 846. References Zeller PC (1845) In; Fünfter Bericht des schlesischen Tauschvereins für Schmetterlinge, 1844: 1-19. [figs 1-16] Lienig F, Zeller PC (1846) Lepidopterologische Fauna von Lievland und Curland. Bearbeitet von Friederike Lienig, geh. Berg, mit Anmerkungen von P. C. Zeller. Isis oder Encyclopaedische Zeitung von Oken, Leipzig 39(3/4): 175-302. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 113-121 | DPI 10.3897/nl.37.7708 The biology of Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on Sagittaria trifolia L. (Alismataceae) in paddy fields in Iran Atousa Farahpour Haghani*, Bijan YaghoubF, Farzad Majidi-Shilsar', Naser Davatghar', Leif Aarvik^ 1 Rice Research Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1658, Rasht, Iran 2 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO. Box 1172, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway; leifaarvik@nhm.uio.no http: //zoobank. org/EF4IF9A C-BAF0-4D48-8B8B-684 751584D 7D Received 12 April 2014; accepted 17 June 2014; published: 8 September 2014 Subject Editor: Jadranka Rota. Abstract. While testing the effieacy of herbicides on paddy weeds at the Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in 2008, we encountered the failure of arrowhead {Sagittaria sagittifolia L., Alismataceae) seeds to germinate. Detailed investigation revealed physical damage of seeds caused by the larvae of Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Tortricidae, Tortricinae, Cochylina). Further studies showed that larvae feed on the seeds and flowers of the host plant and destroy the achenes. Under laboratory conditions G. permixtana required 23-30 days to complete its life cycle. Arrowhead is a new host record for this moth species; further- more, this is the first detailed record of a tortricid feeding on this plant. Introduction Arrowhead {Sagittaria sagittifolia L.; Alismataceae) is a perennial weed that is present throughout the rice growing areas of eastern Asia (Naylor 1996). It is a major weed pest of paddy rice in Iran (Mohammadsharifi 2000). Arrowhead is difficult to control due to herbicide tolerance and sea- son-long emergence (Kwon 1993). In Korea and Japan arrowhead is ranked as the most important weed in paddy fields (Itoh and Miyahara 1988; Kwon 1993; Chung et al. 1998). Until now eighty-two species of Cochylini from twelve genera have been recorded from Iran and these are the following: Aethes Billberg, 1820; Agapeta Hübner, 1822; Ceratoxanthis Razowski, 1960; Cochylidia Obraztsov, 1956; Cochylimorpha Razowski, 1960; Cochylis Treitschke, 1829; Diceratura Djakonov, 1929; Eugnos ta HübnQr, \ H25; Fulvoclysia Obraztsov, 1943; Gynnidomorpha Tumor, 1916; Phalonidia Le Marchand, 1933 and Phtheochroa Stephens, 1829 (Alipanah 2009). The genus Gynnidomorpha Turner, 1916, assigned to the subtribe Cochylina (Tortricidae: Tor- tricinae), includes 17 species that are recorded from the Holarctic, Oriental, and Australian regions, with greatest species richness documented from the Palaearctic region (Sun and Li 2013). Gynnido- morpha permixtana (Fig. 1) is a trans-Palaearctic species, occurring from the British Isles to the Ural Mts., Afghanistan, Mongolia, China (Razowski 2002), Korea (Byun and Li 2006) and Iran (Alipan- ah 2009). Host plants previously reported for this moth include Alisma sp. (Alismataceae), Gentiana sp. (Gentianaceae), Euphrasia sp. and Pedicularis sp. (Scrophulariaceae) from Japan; Alisma ori- entale (Sam.) Juzepcz, Euphrasia peetinata M. Tenore., Pedieularis L., and Gentiana lutea L. from 114 Haghani et al. : The biology of Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) Figures 1-2. Gynnidomorpha permixtana morphological characteristics: 1. Adult; 2. Genitalia slide (Photo: L. Aarvik). China; and Euphrasia, Odontites (Orobanchaceae), Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scrophulariaceae), m\d Pedicularis from Europe (Table 1) (Disque 1908; Razowski 1970; Bradley et al. 1973; Kawabe 1982; Liu and Li 2002). Material and methods Rearing. Laboratory colonies were established by collecting pupae and larvae from arrowhead seeds showing symptoms of damage. The samples were taken from experimental paddy fields at the Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) (N 37°12'22.2", E 049°38'40.7", 80 m) from 2008 to 2012. Samples were collected from the third week of August to the third week of September each year. Pupae and larvae were kept in rearing containers 12 cm diameter and 24 cm in height. Each container was furnished with about 50 grams of arrowhead seeds. After emergence males and females were moved for mating and placed in transparent plastic containers 12 cm diameter and 14 cm height that contained 50 grams of fresh arrowhead seeds. Once a female laid eggs, no additional adults were placed in the container, and the colony con- tinued its development naturally. After two weeks about 50 grams of fresh arrowhead seeds were added to each container. Colonies were inspected daily, and all activities, including egg hatching, larval feeding period, pupation, and emergence of adults were recorded. A second generation was produced using adults of the first generation’s egg masses that were transferred into mating con- tainers. About four generations were produced each year. Identification. Twenty samples were used for identification each year. Morphological terminol- ogy follows Razowski (1987). Preliminary identification was conducted in the RRII entomology laboratory based on wing venation (Sun and Li 2013), shape of the labial palpus, and other mor- phological aspects (Byun et al. 2007). Dissection of the genitalia (Fig. 2) of an adult male in the Natural History Museum of University of Oslo, confirmed the identity of the species as Gynnido- morpha permixtana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775). Nota Lepi. 37(2)2014: 113-121 115 Table 1. Cited from Tortricid.net, host plant data base in addition to Japanese and Chinese data. Host plant Plant family Herbivore Subfamily Georegion Location Alisma plantago- aquatica L. Alismataceae Gynnidomorpha alismana (Ragonot) (as Phalonidia) Tortricinae Bradley et al. 1973 Europe Alisma plantago- aquatica L. Alismataceae Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis & Schiffermueller) (as mussehilana) Tortricinae Disque 1908 Europe Alisma plantago- aquatica L. Alismataceae Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis & Schiffermueller) (as Phalonidia) Tortrieinae Razowski 1970; Bradley et al. 1 973 Europe A lisma plantago- aquatica L. Alismataceae Gynnidomorpha vectisana (Humphreys & Westwood) (as geyeriana) Tortricinae Disque 1908 Europe Alisma sp. Alismataeeae Gynnidomorpha alismana (Ragonot) (as Phalonidia) Tortricinae Razowski 1970; Bradley et al. 1973 Europe Blackstonia sp Unknown Gynnidomorpha rubricana (Peyerimhoflf) Tortricinae Trematerra and Baldizzone 2004 Europe Croatia Butomus umbellatus L. Butomaeeae Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis & Sehiflfermueller) Tortricinae Disque 1908; Bradley etal. 1973 Europe Euphrasia sp. Scrophulariaceae Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis & Schiffermueller) (as Phalonidia) Tortricinae Razowski 1970; Bradley etal. 1973; Kawabe 1982; Liu and Li 2002 Europe, Japan and China Gentiana lutea L. Gentianaceae Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis and Schiffermueller) (as Phalonidia) Tortricinae Razowski 1970; Bradley etal. 1973; Kawabe 1982; Liu and Li 2002 Europe, Japan and China Marticaria recutita L. Asteraeeae Gynnidomorpha luridana (Grey son) (as Phalonidia) Tortricinae Bradley et al. 1973 Europe Marticaria recutita L. Asteraeeae Gynnidomorpha luridana (Gregson) Tortricinae Trematerra and Baldizzone 2004 Europe Croatia Menyanthes trifoliata L. Menyanthaceae Gynnidomorpha minimana (Caradja) (as Phalonidia) Tortricinae Bradley et al. 1973 Europe Pedicularis palustris L. Scrophulariaceae Gynnidomorpha minimana (Caradja) (as Phalorîidia) Tortricinae Razowski 1970; Bradley et al. 1973 Europe Pedicularis sp. Serophulariaceae Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis & Schiffermueller) (as Phalonidia) Tortrieinae Razowski 1970; Bradley etal. 1973, Kawabe 1982; Liu and Li 2002 Europe, Japan and China Plantago maritima L. Plantaginaceae Gynnidomorpha vectisana (Humphreys & Westwood) (as Phalonidia) Tortricinae Razowski 1970 Europe Rhinanthus minor L. (as Alectoroloplms) Scrophulariaceae Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis & Sehiffermueller) (as mussehilana) Tortricinae Disque 1908 Europe Rhinanthus sp. Scrophulariaeeae Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Denis & Sehiffermueller) (as Phalonidia) Tortricinae Razowski 1970; Bradley etal. 1973; Europe Salicornia sp. Chenopodiaceae Gynnidomorpha vectisana (Humphreys & Westwood) (as Phalonidia) Tortrieinae Razowski 1970 Europe Triglochin maritima L. Juncaginaceae Gynnidomorpha vectisana (Humphreys & Westwood) (as Phalonidia) Tortricinae Bradley et al. 1973 Europe Field observation. Field studies were based on collecting by light traps, examination of arrow- head seeds and flowers that showed signs of injury, and inspection of other host plants (such as Alisma sp.) for characteristic signs of damage. At least three paddy fields with heavy infestations were inspected each year. 116 Haghani et al. : The biology of Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) Results Eggs. Eggs are small (ca. 0.5 mm diameter), round, white or opaque (Fig. 3), and are laid singly or in groups of 2-3 on a smooth surface of the host plant. In the laboratory, eggs hatched after an average of 3-4 days incubation at 27-31 °C. However, the incubation period may be correlated with temperature because eggs held at < 25 °C showed a conspicuous increase in the incubation period (6-9 days at 21-25 °C). Larva. Newly hatched larvae (Fig. 4) are off-white, about 1-1.5 mm long, and have a dark brown to nearly black head. Mature larvae (Fig. 5) are 7-10 mm long, their color depending on their diet. If fed on fresh seeds, they are pale green to medium green; if fed on dry seeds they are yellow-brown to straw colored. The head is light yellow-brown, and the 1 st segment (prothorax) is light greenish-brown. Larvae are figured by Beavan and Heckford 2012. In the laboratory (at 27-31 °C) larvae require 4-5 instars that last about 12-15 days. Early instars do not leave the seeds, but the later ones do, searching for food or a pupation site. Pupa. Pupation usually occurs inside seeds of the food plant or in shelters made by larvae from other available material. Pupae (Fig. 6) are 6-7 mm long, and turn from greenish-brown to brown as they mature. In the laboratory (at 27-31 °C) the pupal period lasts 7-9 days. Upon adult eclo- sure, the exuvium is partly extruded from the shelter (Figs 7, 8). Symptoms of damage on the food plant. Larvae feed on flowers and seeds of arrowhead. They disperse after hatching and tunnel through seeds. The entrance holes of the tunnels are inconspic- uous; therefore initially there is no external evidence of larval feeding. After about one week the entrance holes become marked by a protruding mass of frass which has the appearance of grains of sand and silk that accumulate on the surface of the achenes (Fig. 9). One to several larvae may be present in a single fruit. Y oung larvae feed inside flower buds which are destroyed and hence abort. Flower buds and seeds dry up and disintegrate within about two weeks after infestation, but seeds that contain pupae and older instars remain on green flower tops (Fig. 10). In this way larvae destroy most of the achenes or cause severe injury to them. In addition, those few achenes that remain uninjured decompose after a few weeks and disintegrate because larvae spin them into silk webs together with injured seeds (Fig. 11). In some cases the remaining seed heads contain only frass and silk webs because the larvae have destroyed all achenes and their germplasm. At this stage frass and destroyed achenes form sawdust-like masses which fall to the ground. Discussion Numerous host plants have been recorded for Cochylini, but most of them belong to Asteraceae, and some of the Cochylini genera (e.g. Aethes and Cochylis) mainly feed on this family (Razowski 1970; Trematerra and Baldizzone 2004; Fazekas 2008; Sun and Li 2013). Worldwide, there are few host plant records for Gynnidomorpha spp. and the host plant of many species is unknown. However, for some species of Gynnidomorpha, in addition to Asteraceae, species of Alismataceae, Butomaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Gentianaceae, Menyanthaceae, Plantaginaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Juncaginaceae have been recorded as food plants (Table 1) (Disque 1908; Razowski 1970; Bradley et al. 1973). Based on literature records some of the Gynnidomorpha species, such as Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 113-121 117 Figures 3-5. Immature stages of G. permixtana. 3. Eggs; 4. Early instar larva; 5. Final instar larva (Photo: 3. A. Farahpour; 4, 5. Beavan & Heckford). G. alismana and G. rubricana, seem to be monophagous and feed on only one genus or species. Other species are oligophagous and have a range of food plants. Among them G. permixtana has the largest range of host plants. Kaltenbach (1856) stated that he had reared a Cochylis larva from Sagittaria sagittifolia L. but he did not mention the species (Beavan and Heckford 2012). In China a Sagittaria sp. has been reported as the food plant of G. mesotypa (Sun and Li 2013) but G. mesotypa has not been reported from Iran. Laboratory rearings confirmed that G. permixtana is an internal feeder of arrowhead seeds and flower buds. Westbury (2004) reported that G. permixtana is a seed predator of Rhinanthus minor, Bradley et al. (1973) stated that G. permixtana larvae feed in the flower heads, seeds and stems of Rhinanthus. Organisms that feed internally, particularly on meristematic tissues, often affect the plant more seriously (Center et al. 2002). Beavan and Heckford (2012) described G. permixtana behavior on Rhinanthus minor. They stated that each larva fed entirely within one seed-capsule and sometimes a larva would spin two seed-capsules together and apparently transfer from one to the other and there would never be more than one larva in any one capsule. They suggested that because each seed-capsule was no longer than 5 mm, at that stage each larva fed entirely within one seed-capsule. They also reported that the seed-capsules with larvae sometimes had some dark discoloration on the outside but otherwise there were no outward visible signs that they were inhabited and that full-grown larvae had habit of wandering about the containers which contained 118 Haghani et al. : The biology of Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) Figures 6-8. Maturing stages of G. permixtana: 6. Pupa; 7. Newly emerged adult with partly exuded exuvium; 8. Living adult (Photo: A. Farahpour). Figures 9-11. Damage symptoms on food plant. 9. About one week after hatching, arrows showing marked entrance holes; 10. About two weeks after hatching, arrows showing dried up flower buds; 11. About three weeks after hatching, arrows showing dried up fruits (Photo: A. Farahpour). infested fruits. Eaeh fruit of Sagittaria sagittifolia L. eontained more than one larva and as already mentioned there was no visible signs of infestation in the first stage. However, after a few days symptoms of infestation beeame visible. Other habits, such as spinning achenes and wandering about the infested sites, were apparently the same. Sagittaria spp. emerge at 16 °C to 17 °C (Noda 1977). Under the climatic conditions of northern Iran the activity period is from late June to late November. If there is suitable temperature and weather in November and December, they will continue their activity until late December. Results of field inspections showed that G. permixtana was active from the beginning of July until late November. Sun and Li (2013) and Razowski (2009) reported that in Europe the Gynnidomorpha species are usually bivoltine and occur in various habitats, but many of them are restricted to humid or even aquatic ones. Northern Iran is humid and paddy field has aquatic habitat so environmental Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 113-121 119 Figures 12-15. Infested fruits eompared with uninfested fruits at the same age. 12. Infested fruits; 13. Un- infested fruits (Photo: A. Farahpour). 14-15. Sagittaria sagittifolia and Alisma sp. seeds from same spot. 14. Alisma sp. seeds without infestation symptoms; 15. Sagittaria sagittifolia seeds with infestation symptoms (Photo: A. Farahpour). conditions are suitable for this species. Also, in the laboratory as long as its food plant was avail- able and temperature was optimal, it continued its activity. Since its food plant became limited each year during the winter, we are uncertain about its facultative diapause. However, food souree and environmental conditions could affect voltinism. The synchronization between G. permixtana and arrowhead seems to be strong, because in 2010 when the weather was mild in November and December, this species (G. permixtana) eontinued its activity until late December. Close synchro- ny between an insect and the resource dynamics of its host can lead to increased insect densities, whereas consequences of asynchronization between insect and plant include reduced inseet density (Turgeon 1986). In addition to various bottom-up effects, the synehronization of herbivores with their host plant phenology determines quality and quantity of food resources and affects the pref- erence-performance linkage and abundance of herbivores (Yukawa 2000). Therefore, this elose synchronization with host plant could be an important and benefieial factor for G. permixtana. When injured seeds of infested fruits (Fig. 12) were inspected in the laboratory and compared with uninfested fruits (Fig. 13), physical damage caused by larval feeding was severe. Since fruits consist of multiple aehenes, each larva is capable of destroying more than one seed. Seeds are partially or completely consumed. Furthermore, as feeding progresses, the seeds beeome bound together with coarse frass and webbing. In arrowheads, sexual reproduction via seeds is better for 120 Haghani et al. : The biology of Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) establishing new populations beeause of their small size and ability to disperse. Being small and buoyant, the seeds are capable of ‘rafting’ to suitable sites on relatively light currents, gathering in still pools and river bends. This mechanism can bring about the redistribution of genes along and among waterways (Broadhurst and Chong 2011). When they are bound together they are unable to raft and/or disperse. We were unable to find symptoms of damage and biology of G. permixtana on other food plants such as Alisma sp. Despite the fact that Alisma is common in the investigated fields (Fig. 14), we could not find any trace of G. permixtana activity on that plant (Fig. 15), and all our attempts to rear a generation on other food plants in the laboratory failed. The importance of plant-feeding insects in the dynamics of aquatic and wetland ecosystems is often unappreciated. This is most often due to the unfamiliarity of resource managers, scientists, and others with the plant-feeding insects that are present in these ecosystems. The purpose of this study was mainly to facilitate the recognition of G. permixtana, and review its biology and the symptoms of damage that it causes on arrowhead and therefore statistical methods were not em- ployed. Determination of beneficial factors of G. permixtana as a biological control agent needs more biological and statistical studies. The information that we discovered about this species may represent an important step in this direction. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the assistance from the Rice Research Institute of Iran and Natural History Museum of Oslo university staff This study was mostly funded by the Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII). References Alipanah H (2009) Synopsis of the Cochylini (Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Cochylini) of Iran, with the descrip- tion of a new species. Zootaxa 2245: 1-31. Beavan SD, Heckford RJ (2012) Discovery of the larva of Gynnidomorpha permixtana ([Denis & Schiffer- müller], 1775) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the British Isles and a consideration of the species’ distribu- tion there. Entomologist’s Gazette 63: 69-83 Bradley JD,Tremewan WG, Smith A (1973) British tortricoid moths. Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London, 25 1 pp. Broadhurst L, Chong C (2011) Examining Clonal Propagation of the Aquatic Weed Sagittaria platyphylla. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. RIRDC Publication No 1 1/020, RIRDC Project No AWRC 08-65. Australian government. Byun BK, Li CD (2006) Taxonomic review of the tribe Cochylini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Korea and northeast China, with descriptions of two new species. Journal ofNatural History 40(13/14): 783-817. doi: 10.1 080/0022293060079066 1 Byun BK, Kun A, Lee BW, Bae YS (2007) Six species of Tortricinae (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) new to North Korea. Entomological Research 37: 197-202. doi: 10.1111/J.1748-5967.2007.00112.X Nota Lepi.37(2) 2014: 113-121 121 Center TD, Dray JR, Jubinsky GP, Grodowitz MJ (1999) Insects and Other Arthropods That Feed on Aquatic and Wetland Plants. U.S. Department of agriculture. Agricultural research service. Technical Bulletin No 1870. Chung YR, Koo SJ, Kim FIT, Cho KY (1998) Potential of an indigenous fungus, Plectosporium tabacimim, as a mycoherbicide for control of arrowhead {Sagittaria trifolia). Plant Disease 82; 657-660. doi: 10. 1094/ PDIS.1998.82.6.657 Disque H (1908) Versuch einer microlepidopterologischen Botanik. Deutsch Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 34-147. Fazekas I (2008) The species of the genus Aethes Billberg 1821 of Hungary (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Na- tura Somogyiensis 12: 133-168. Itoh K, Miyahara M (1988) Damage caused by an arrowhead {Sagittaria trifolia L.), a perennial paddy weed to rice cultivated under ordinary conditions. Weed Research (Japan) 33:44-54. Kaltenbach JH (1856) Die deutschen Phytophagen aus der Klasse der Inseckten. Verhandlungen des Naturhis- torischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens 13: 165-256. Kawabe A (1982) Tortricidae. In: Inoue H, Sugi S, Kuroko H, Moriuti S, Kawabe A, Owada M (Eds) The moths of Japan. Kodansha, Tokyo, 2 volumes. Kwon YW (1993) Domination of perennial weeds and barnyard grass in rice paddy fields. Agrochemical Information 14(5): 17-23. Mohammad-sharifi M (2000) Practical handbook of paddy weeds and herbicide management in Iran (in persian). Ministry of Agriculture publication, Teheran, 1 14 pp. Naylor R (1996) Herbicides in Asian rice: transitions in weed management. International Rice Research Institute, 270 pp. Noda K (1977) Abnormal climate and weed control Proceeding. Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society. Razowski J (1970) Cochylidae. In: Amsel HG, Gregor F, Reiser H (Eds) Microlepidoptera Palaearctica, vol 3. Verlag G. Fromme & Co., Wien, 528 pp. Razowski J (1987) The genera of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Part I: Palaearctic Chlidanotinae and Tortricinae. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 30(1 1): 141-355. Razowski J (2002) Tortricidae of Europe. Vol. 1. Tortricinae and Chlidanotinae. Frantisek Slamka, Bratislava, 241 pp. Razowski J (2009) Tortricidae of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 2. Cochylini. Frantisek Slamka, Krakow-Bratislava, 195 pp. Sun Y, Li H (2013) Review of the Chinese species of Gynnidomorpha Turner, 1916 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Cochylini). Zootaxa 3646 (5): 545-560. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.5.4 Trematerra P, Baldizzone G (2004) Records of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) from Krk Island (Croatia). Ento- mologia Croatica 8: 25-44. Turgeon JJ (1986) The phenological relationship between the larval development of the spruce budmoth, Zei- raphera canadensis (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), and white spruce in northern New Brunswick. Canadian Entomologist 1 18: 345-350. doi: 10.4039/Entl 1 8345-4 Westbury DB (2004) Biological flora of the British Isles, List of British vascular plants (1958) no 433(2) Rhinanthns minor L. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-927. doi: 10.1 1 1 1/j. 0022-0477. 2004. 00929.x Yukawa J (2000) Synchronization of gallers with host plant phenology. Population Ecology 42(2): 105-113. doi: 10.1007/PL000 11989 Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 123-133 | DPI 10.3897/nl.37.7940 Taxonomie comments on the treatment of the Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) in volume 3 of Moths of Europe^ Zygaenids, Pyralids 1 and Brachodids (2012) Konstantin A. Efetov*, Axel Hofmann^, Gerhard M. Tarmann^, Walter Gerald Tremewan"^ 1 Crimean State Medical University, Department of Biological Chemistry and Laboratory^ of Biotechnology, 295006, Simferopol, Crimea; efetov.konst@gmail.com 2 Am Hochgestade 5, D-76351 Linkenheim-Hochstetten, Germany; hofmann@abl-fi~eiburg.de 3 Tiroler Landesmiiseen, Ferdinandeum, Naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, Feldstrasse lia, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; g. tarmann@tiroler-landesmuseen. at 4 Department of Life Sciences, Division of Insects, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U. K.; Correspondence address: Pentreath, 6 Carlyon Road, Playing Place, Truro, Cornwall TR3 6EU, U.K.; wgt. pentreath@btinternet. com http://zoobank.org/384F4C62-0E0E-4B66-B720-3177920ABA23 Received 4 February 2013; accepted 4 June 2014; published: 8 September 2014 Subject Editors: Lauri Kaila and Jadranka Rota. Abstract. Critical taxonomic comments are provided on the section dealing with the Zygaenidae in volume 3 of Moths of Europe (Leraut 2012). A number of newly described nominal taxa in that work are here synony- mised as are nominal subgenera and subspecies that were reinstated as valid. At the subgeneric level these are Hesychia Hübner, [1819] (syn. rev.), Coelestis Burgeff, 1926 (syn. rev.) and Santolinophaga Burgeff, 1926 (syn. rev.), all synonyms of the monophyletic subgenus Mesembrynus Hübner, [1819], and Coelestina Holik, 1953 (syn. rev.), Epizygaena Jordan, 1907 (syn. rev.) and Lictoria Burgeff, 1926 (syn. rev.), all synonyms of the paraphyletic subgenus Agrumenia Hübner, [1819]. At the subspecific level Adscita geryon parisien- sis Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) and A. geryon aeris (Verity, 1946) (syn. rev.) are synonyms of A. geryon geryon (Hübner, [1813]). Zygaena exulans altaretensis Le Charles, 1942 (syn. rev.) and Z. exulans bourgognei Le Charles, 1942 (syn. rev.) are synonyms of Z. exulans exulans (Hohenwarth, 1792). Zygaena trifolii vindilisen- sis Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) is a synonym of Z. trifolii subsyracusia Verity, 1 925. Zygaena carniolica besseensis Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) and Z. carniolica rogervillensis Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) are synonyms of Z. carniolica modesta Burgeff, 1914. Zygaena hilaris nigriventris Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) is a synonym of Z. hilaris chrys- ophaea Le Charles, [1934]. Zygaena rhadamanthus boixolsis Aistleitner, 1990 (syn. n.) is a synonym of Z. rhadamanthus rhadamanthus Esper, [1789], Z. rhadamanthus cleui Dujardin, 1956 (syn. rev.) is a synonym of Z. rhadamanthus grisea Oberthür, 1 909, and Z. rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan, 1 96 1 (stat. rev.), Z. rhadamanthus azurea Burgeff, 1914 (stat. rev.) and Z. rhadamanthus aurargentea Mazel, 1979 (stat. rev.) are reinstated as valid subspecies. Résumé. Les auteurs font une analyse critique de la taxonomie employée pour le chapitre traitant des Zy- gaenidae, dans le volume 3 de la série «papillons de nuit d’Europe». Un certain nombre de taxons nominaux nouvellement décrits sont mis en synonymie, ainsi que des sous-genres et sous-espèces qui avaient été consi- dérés comme valides. Au niveau subgénérique c’est le cas pour Hesychia Hübner, [1819] (syn. rev.), Coe- lestis Burgeff, 1926 (syn. rev.) et Santolinophaga Burgeff, 1926 (syn. rev.), qui doivent être replacés dans le sous-genre monophylétique Mesembrynus Hübner, [1819] et Coelestina Holik, 1953 (syn. rev.), Epizygaena Jordan, 1907 (syn. rev.) et Lictoria Burgeff, 1926 (syn. rev.), qui doivent eux être placés dans le sous-genre paraphylétique Hübner, [1819]. Pour ce qui concerne les sous-espèces, il s’agit dQ Adscita geryon 124 Efetov et al.: Taxonomie comments on the treatment of the Zygaenidae... parisiensis Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) et A. geryon aeris (Verity, 1946) (syn. n.), qui doivent être rattachés à A. geryon geryon (Hübner, [1813]); Z. exulans altaretensis Le Charles, 1942 (syn. rev.) et Z. exulans bourgognei Le Charles, 1942 (syn. rev.) synonymes de Z. exulans exulans (Hohenwarth, 1792); Z. thfolii vindilisensis Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) synonyme de Z trifolii subsyracusia Verity, 1925; Z. earniolica besseensis Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) et Z. earniolica wgervillensis Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) synonymes de Z. earniolica modesta Burgeff, 1914; Z. bilans nigriventris Leraut, 2012 (syn. n.) synonyme de Z. bilans cbrysopbaea Le Charles, [1934]; enfin Z. rbadamantbus Aistleitner, 1990 (syn. n.) synonyme de Z. rbadamantbus rbadaman- tbus (Esper, [1789]), Z. rbadamantbus cleui Dujardin, 1956 (syn. rev.) synonyme de Z. rbadamantbus gri- sea Oberthür, 1909. Zygaena rbadamantbus aragonia Tremewan, 1961 (stat. rev.), Z. rbadamantbus azurea Burgeff, 1914 (stat. rev.) et Z rbadamantbus aurargentea Mazel, 1979 (stat. rev.), sont réintégrées comme sous-espèces valides. Introduction In a recent review of the Zygaenidae of Europe (Leraut 2012), a number of questionable taxonomic changes were proposed, many of which lack convincing morphological and/or phylogenetic support (Efetov et al. 2013). For example, a number of subgenera within the genus Zygaena were unjusti- fiably reinstated as valid, as were a number of taxa at subspecific level. Moreover, five subspecies and several infrasubspecific forms were newly described, but only the former are dealt with in the present paper, as infrasubspecific forms have no status under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). In order to obtain a clear understanding of the problem, it is recom- mended that the review (Efetov et al. 2013) of the handbook and the present article are read together. Phaudidae Although treated as a subfamily of the Zygaenidae by Leraut (2012: 44), the Phaudidae were ele- vated to full family status within the Zygaenoidea by Niehuis et al. (2006: 822, fig. 3), a placement that is now widely accepted by lepidopterists (van Nieukerken et al. 2011) and fully supported by the present authors. Procridinae Genus. Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900, is considered to be a valid genus (Efetov 2001a). Howev- er, Leraut (2012: 67) referred to Zygaenoprocris taftana (Alberti, 1939) as Adscita taftana (Alberti, 1939). Subspecies. Four subspecies oï Adscita geryon are currently recognized as valid, viz. A. geryon geryon (Hübner, [1813]), A. geryon chrysocephala (Nickerl, 1845), A. geryon acutafibra Verity, 1946, and A. geryon orientalis (Alberti, 1938) (Efetov 2001b: 128, 2001c: 155, 2004: 23). How- ever, it is intended to place A. geryon chrysocephala (Efetov and Tarmann in prep.), which Leraut (2012: 62) also recognized as valid, as a synonym oïA. geryon geryon, while the status of A. gery- on acutafibra is at present unclear. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 123-133 125 Adscita {Adscita) geiyon geryon (Hübner, [1813]) Sphinx geryon Hübner, [1813], Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge 2: pi. 28, figs 130, 131. Type-locality. Europe [Germany]. Adscita geiyon razza aeris Verity, 1946, Redia 31: 154. Type-locality. France: [Alpes-Maritimes], Saint-Bamabé. Syn. rev. Adscita geiyon parisiensis Leraut, 2012, Moths of Europe 3: 62, pi. 6, figs 17, 18. Type-locality. France: Paris region. Syn. n. Distribution and taxonomic notes. Adscita geryon geryon is distributed from the Iberian Peninsu- la and Britain to European Russia, the Crimea and Turkey. Leraut (2012: 61 ) reinstated the nominal taxon A. geryon aeris (Verity, 1946) as valid and on the following page newly described a subspe- cies from the Paris region. It is acknowledged that^. geryon is an extremely variable species, both in phenotype and genitalic morphology, but we see no justification for recalling a subspecies from synonymy, where it was placed by Efetov and Tarmann (1999: 28, 2012: 3 1), or in describing a new subspecies from France. Accordingly, both taxa are here formally placed as synonyms (syn. rev.; syn. n.) of the nominotypical subspecies A. geryon geryon. Zygaeninae Subgenera. In discussing the classification of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, at the subge- neric level, Leraut (2012: 67-68) refers to a paper by Niehuis et al. (2006) in which the subge- nera are not mentioned. Presumably the intention was to refer to the evolutionary history of the genus, as based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-sequencing by Niehuis et al. (2007). The latter paper provides a phytogeny in which the Zygaena species are placed into species-groups within three subgenera, viz. Mesembrymis Hübner, [1819], Agrumenia Hübner, [1819], and Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, based on the classification of Alberti (1958, 1959) and, supported by their own research, followed by Naumann and Tremewan (1984) and Hofmann and Tremewan (1996, 2010). However, Leraut (2012: 67-68) resurrected various nominal subgenera from synonymy and applied them to some of the species groups, viz. Hesychia Hübner, [1819], Coelestis Burgeff, 1926, Santolinophaga Burgeff, 1926, all formerly placed as synonyms of the monophyletic subgenus Mesembrynus Hübner, [1819], and Coelestina Holik, 1935, Epizygae- na Jordan, [1907], and Lietoria Burgeff, 1926, all formerly placed as synonyms of Agrumenia Hübner, [1819] (Hofmann and Tremewan 2010). It is accepted that the subgenera Agrumenia and Zygaena are paraphyletic, but Mesembrynus is monophyletic, based on morphology (Al- berti 1958, 1959), larval host-plants (Hofmann and Tremewan 1996) and DNA analysis (Nie- huis et al. 2007). Therefore, to split the last-mentioned subgenus into four subgenera is illogical and artificial, as two {Mesembrynus and Santolinophaga) will then become paraphyletic group- ings. As a consequence, the nominal subgeneric taxa Hesyehia, Santolinophaga and Coelestis are here formally reinstated as synonyms (syn. rev.) of Mesembrynus, and Epizygaena, Coeles- tina and Lietoria are reinstated as synonyms (syn. rev.) of Agrumenia. The full synonymy of the subgenera can be found in Hofmann and Tremewan (1996, 2010) and only those relevant to Leraut (2012) are discussed below. 126 Efetov et al.: Taxonomie comments on the treatment of the Zygaenidae... Subgenus MESEMBRYNUS Hübner, [1819] Mesembrynus Hübner, [1819], Verzeichniss bekannter Sehmettlinge: 119. Type-speeies: Zygaena pluto Ochsenheimer, 1808, by subsequent designation, Tremewan, 1961, The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 73: 202. Hesychia Hübner, [1819], Verzeichniss bekannter Sehmettlinge: 116. Type-species: Sphinx laeta Hübner, 1790, by subse- quent designation, Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1953, Mitteilungen der Münchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft 43: 219. Syn. rev. Santolinophaga Burgeff, 1926, in Strand, Lepidopterorum Catalogus 4 (33): 18. Type-species: Zygaena Corsica Boisduval, [1828], by monotypy. Syn. rev. Coelestis Burgeff, 1926, in Strand, Lepidopterorum Catalogus 4 (33): 29. Type-species: Zygaena ciivieri Boisduval, [1828], by subsequent designation, Tremewan, 1961, The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 73: 201. Syn. rev. Swhgenm AGRUMENIA Hübner, [1819] Agnimenia Hübner, [1819], Verzeichniss bekannter Sehmettlinge: 116. Type-species: Sphinx onobrychis [Denis & Schif- fermüller], 1775, by subsequent designation, Tremewan, 1961, The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 73: 202. Epizygaena Jordan, [1907], in Seitz, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 2: 31. Type-species: Zygaena afghana Moore, [1860], by subsequent designation, Fletcher, 1925, Catalogue of Indian Insects part 9: 21. Syn. rev. Coelestina Holik, 1953, Entomologische Zeitschrift 63: 15. Type-species: Zygaena sedi Fabricius, 1787, by original des- ignation. Syn. rev. Lictoria Burgeff, 1926, in Strand, Lepidopterorum Catalogus 4 (33): 20. Type-species: Sphinx achilleae Esper, 1780, by subsequent designation, Holik, 1938, Entomologische Rundschau 55: 352. Syn. rev. Subspecies. In their systematic catalogue of the Zygaeninae, Hofmann and Tremewan (1996) attempted to provide a classification in which some rationale could be brought to the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1777, with reference to subspecies; hence an enormous number of subspe- cific taxa were placed as synonyms. It would appear that the classification in that catalogue has largely been ignored, as Leraut reinstated two subspecific taxa as valid and newly described four within Zygaena. While this would have been acceptable during the first half of the century, the description of new subspecies in the genus Zygaena from mainland Europe at the present time neither reflects current thinking nor the presently accepted concept of a subspe- cies and is reminiscent of the taxonomy practised in the 1920s and 1930s (e.g. Verity (1925, 1926) described and named three ‘subspecies’ of Z. trifolii from England, based on single colonies). Mayr (1969: 41) contended that a subspecies is ‘an aggregate of phenotypically similar populations of a species, inhabiting a geographic subdivision of the range of a species, and differing taxonomically from other populations of the species’ and that it may consist of many local populations all of which, though very similar, are slightly different from each oth- er genetically and phenotypically. In contrast to the reinstatement of two subspecies, Leraut (2012) synonymised four without providing justification. All of these nominal subspecific taxa are discussed in detail below. As with the subgenera, the full synonymy of the subspecies can be found in Hofmann and Tremewan (1996) and only those relevant to the field guide (Leraut 2012) are listed below. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 123-133 127 Zygaena (Agrumenia) exulans exulans (Hohen warth, 1792) Sphinx exulans Hohenwarth, 1792, in Reiner & Hohenwarth, Botanisehe Reisen naeh einigen Oberkämtnerisehen und benachbarten Alpen ... : 265, pl. 6, fig. 2. Type-locality. Austria: Kärnten, Gross-Glockner, Pasterzen Kees (‘an den äussersten Alpengipfeln des Eisgebirges am Glöckner, auf der sogenannten Pasterze’). Zygaena exulans altaretensis Le Charles, 1 942, Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 47: 1 78, pl. 1 , figs A-C (Zygaena). Type-locality. France: Hautes- Alpes, Col du Lautaret, 1,800-2,200 m. [Paratype 1 S examined.] Syn. rev. Zygaena exulans boiirgognei Le Charles, 1942, Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 47: 180 (Zygaena). Type-locality. France: Alpes-Maritimes, Haute Vésubie, Vallon de la Madonna de Finestre (Madone de Fénestre). Syn. rev. Distribution and taxonomie notes. The nominotypical Zygaena exulans exulans is widely distrib- uted throughout the European Alps. While it is aeknowledged that variation does oecur among some of the populations occurring in this mountain system, we see no justification for recognising any as valid nominal subspecies. When compiling the systematic catalogue (Hofmann and Tremewan 1996) it was decided that the most rational approach to subspecies in Z exulans was to recognise only one subspecies in each major mountain range. Leraut (2012: 120) reinstated Zygaena exulans altaretensis and Zygaena exulans bourgognei as valid subspecies without providing justification; both are here formally placed as synonyms (syn. rev.) of the nominotypical Zygaena exulans exulans. Zygaena {Agrumenia) hilaris chrysophaea Le Charles, [1934] Zygaena hilaris chrysophaea Le Charles, [1934], in Lhomme, Catalogue des Lépidoptères de France et de Belgique 1: 683 (Zygaena). Type-locality. France: Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (Basses- Alpes), Digne, Fontgaillard, 1,000 m. Zygaena hilaris nigriventris Leraut, 2012, Moths of Europe 3: 115, pl. 32, figs 20, 21, pl. 33, fig. 1. Type-locality. France: Hautes-Alpes, La Bessée-sur-Durance. Syn. n. Distribution and taxonomie notes. In the original description of Zygaena hilaris nigriventris it is stated, ‘This subspecies can be distinguished from subsp. apoerypha Le Charles from the area around Nice essentially by the abdomen with its black ventral side and absence of whitish rings. Also wingspan is greater on average.’ This taxon differs greatly from the nominal taxon apocrypha, as this was described as a subspecies of and is conspecific with Z.fausta from the Alpes-de-Haute- Provence; currently it is placed as a synonym of Z.fausta fausta (Linnaeus, 1767) (Hofmann and Tremewan 1996: 103). Leraut (2012) most likely confused the names apocrypha and chrysophaea, the latter taxon being a subspecies of Z. hilaris. Zygaena hilaris chrysophaea has a wide distribution in France, ranging from Vaucluse, Alpes- de-Haute-Provence, Drôme and Hautes- Alpes to Isère. To describe a subspecific taxon from within that distributional range cannot be justified; therefore, Zygaena hilaris nigriventris is here formally placed as a synonym (syn. n.) of Zygaena hilaris chrysophaea. Zygaena {Agrumenia) carniolica modesta Burgeff, 1914 Zygaena carniolica modesta Burgeff, 1914, Mitteilungen der Münchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft 5: 57, pl. 3, figs 99, 100, 106, 107. Type-locality. Germany: Rheinland-Pfalz, central and lower Rheintal from Mainz to Koblenz. 128 Efetov et al: Taxonomie comments on the treatment of the Zygaenidae... Zygaena carniolica wgervillensis Leraut, 2012, Moths of Europe 3; 108, pi. 28, figs 16, 17. Type- locality. France: Seine-Maritime, Rogerville. Syn. n. Zygaena carniolica besseensis Leraut, 2012, Moths of Europe 3: 1 10, pi. 29, figs 1-3. Type-locality. France: Puy-de-Dôme, Besse-en-Chandesse. Syn. n. Distribution and taxonomic notes. Zygaena carniolica modesta has a wide distribution that ranges from northern and central France, through Belgium, Luxembourg, central and southern Germany to northern Austria, Czech Republic and southern Poland. We see no justification for describing two new subspecies from single localities located within this distribution, as their phenotypes fall within the range of variation; therefore, Zygaena carniolica rogervillensis and Zygaena carniolica besseensis are here formally placed as synonyms (syn. n.) of Zygaena carniolica modesta. Zygaena {Zygaena) rhadamanthus (Esper, [1789]) Sphinx rhadamanthus Esper, [1789], Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen 2 (Supple- ment): pl. 40, figs 1, 2; 1794, ibidem 2: 13. Type-loeality. France: Gard (Languedoc), Nîmes. Remarks. In stark contrast to the splitting and naming of geographical populations of other Zy- gaena species, Leraut (2012: 98) lumps together a number of subspecific taxa of Z. rhadamanthus (Esper, [1789]), all but one of which were considered valid by Hofmann and Tremewan (1996: 130-131). The latter authors accept that less variation is exhibited in the populations occurring in France (east of the Pyrenees) compared to those in the Iberian Peninsula where they exhibit a mosaic of extreme geographical variation, with phenotypes ranging from ‘normal’ and melanistic to individuals with the forewing ground colour powdered with white scales (griseoid) and reminis- cent of Zygaena rhadamanthus grisea. The subspecific nominal taxa relevant to their treatment by Leraut (2012: 98) are discussed in detail below. Zygaena {Zygaena) rhadamanthus grisea Oberthür, 1909 Zygaena rhadamanthus grisea Oberthür, 1909, Etudes de Lépidoptérologie comparée 3: 414, pl. 29, fig. 187. Type-locality. France: Alpes-de-Elaute-Provenee (Basses-Alpes), Digne. Zygaena rhadamanthus cleui Dujardin, 1956, Bulletin mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 25: 261 (Zygaena). Type-locality. France: Ardèche, St-Privat. [Paratypes 1 (7, 1 $ examined.] Syn. rev. Distribution and taxonomie notes. Zygaena rhadamanthus grisea has a wide distribution in south- eastern and southern-central France, ranging from Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Hautes- Alpes to Isère, Drôme, Ardèche, Vaucluse, Aveyron, Lot and Lozère. Based on phenotype (and geography - Z. rhadamanthus cleui cannot be recognised as valid because its location is within the distributional range of Z. rhadamanthus grisea), we see no justification for Leraut’s (2012: 98) reinstatement of Zygaena rhadamanthus cleui as a valid subspecies under which he placed Zygaena rhadamanthus aragonia and Zygaena rhadamanthus aurargentea as synonyms (see also below). Even in the original description, Dujardin compared Zygaena rhadamanthus cleui with Z. rhadamanthus grisea, stating that the forewing ground colour was similar. Consequently, it is here reinstated as a synonym (syn. rev.) of Zygaena rhadamanthus grisea, as placed by Hofmann and Tremewan (1996: 131). Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 123-133 129 Zygaena {Zygaenà) rhadamanthus azurea Burgeff, 1914, stat rev. Zygaena rhadamanthus azurea Burgeff, 1914, Mitteilungen der Münchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft 5: 60, pi. 2, fig. 158, pi. 6, figs 75, 76 (Zygaena). Type-locality. France: Alpes-Maritimes (excluding coastal regions). Distribution and taxonomic notes. Zygaena rhadamanthus azurea is distributed in the dépar- tements of Var and Alpes-Maritimes (excluding coastal regions). Although Leraut (2012: 98) synonymised this taxon with the melanistic Zygaena rhadamanthus stygia Burgeff, 1914, the distribution of the latter ranges from east of the River Var (Alpes-Maritimes) in France to Imperia in Italy. Much has been written about littoral melanism (e.g. Burgeff 1951, 1956, 1965; Dujardin 1965: 586-587) and that exhibited by subsp. stygia is a good example for comparison with the ‘normal’ phenotype of subsp. azurea - to consider both taxa as one subspecies clearly disre- gards the concept of littoral melanism and the zoogeography of Z. rhadamanthus in south-eastern France. Consequently, Zygaena rhadamanthus azurea is here reinstated as a valid subspecies (stat. rev.). Zygaena (Zygaena) rhadamanthus rhadamanthus (Esper, [1789]) Sphinx rhadamanthus Esper, [1789], Die Schmetterlinge in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen 2 (Supple- ment): pl. 40, figs 1, 2; 1794, ibidem 2: 13. Type-locality. France: Gard (Languedoc), Nîmes. Zygaena rhadamanthus pyrenaea Verity, 1920, The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 32: 161 (Zygaena). Type-locality. France: Pyrénées-Orientales, between Prades and Mont Canigou, La Trancada d’Ambouilla. Zygaena rhadamanthus boixolsis Aistleitner, 1990, Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N.F.) 11: 79. Type-locality. Spain: Lérida, Collado de Boixols, 1,300-1,400 m. [Paratypes 4 S, 4; Topotypes 4 c5', 1 $ examined.] Syn. n. Distribution and taxonomic notes. Based on a description by Oberthür (1910: 591), Ve- rity provided the name pyrenaea for the population of Zygaena rhadamanthus occurring at La Trancada d’Ambouilla (Pyrénées-Orientales, between Prades and Mont Canigou). Leraut (2012: 98) considered this taxon to be a ‘simple synonym’ of the nominotypical Zygaena rhadamanthus rhadamanthus, a placement with which we agree even though Flofmann and Tremewan ( 1 996: 131) had considered it to be a valid subspecies with which the taxon Zygaena rhadamanthus boixolsis Aistleitner, 1990, had been placed as a synonym. The latter is now automatically transferred as a synonym of the nominotypical subspecies. Specimens from La Trancada d’Ambouilla lack the white scaling (griseoid) on the ground colour of the forewings; moreover, a red abdominal cingulum is absent, as found in the nominotypical subspecies. Zygaena (Zygaena) rhadamanthus aurargentea Mazel, 1979, stat. rev. Zygaena rhadamanthus aurargentea Mazel, 1979, Entomops, Nice 6: 267, figs 1, 2 (Zygaena). Type-locality. France: Pyrénées-Orientales, Coustouges. Distribution and taxonomic notes. Described from Coustouges (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), Zygaena rhadamanthus aurargentea is also found in Spain (Barcelona and Gerona, excluding coastal regions). It is distinguished from Zygaena rhadamanthus rhadamanthus by the extreme griseoid phenotype, i.e. with pronounced white scaling on the ground colour of the forewings. 130 Efetov et al: Taxonomie comments on the treatment of the Zygaenidae... especially in the females, which is reminiscent of Zygaena rhadamanthus grisea from south-eastern and southern-central France (see above), and by the presence of a strong abdominal cingulum that is also present ventrally. Leraut (2012: 98) placed Zygaena rhadamanthus aurargentea as a synonym of Zygaena rhadamanthus cleui, which he reinstated as a valid subspecies, but we see no justification for this (see also above). The former is here reinstated (stat. rev.) as a valid subspecies, based on its extreme phenotype, which is so strongly different from that of the nominotypical taxon Z rhadamanthus rhadamanthus (Hofmann and Tremewan 1996: 131). Zygaena {Zygaena) rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan, 1961, stat. rev. Zygaena rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan, 1961, The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 73: 4. Type-local- ity. Spain: Teruel, Albarracin. [Holotype S, paratypes 16 (S', 11 $ examined.] Distribution and taxonomic notes. Zygaena rhadamanthus aragonia is distributed in the Spanish provinces of Cuenca and Teruel. While it is reminiscent of Zygaena rhadamanthus grisea from south-eastern and southern-central France, the placement of this taxon as a synonym of Zygaena rhadamanthus cleui by Leraut (2012: 98), which he reinstated as a valid subspecies, is inconsistent with the geographical distribution, its ‘griseoid’ phenotype and the presence of a strong abdominal cingulum. As a consequence, Zygaena rhadamanthus aragonia is here reinstated (stat. rev.) as a valid subspecies (Hofmann and Tremewan 1996: 130). It should be noted that Zygaena rhadamanthus aurargentea also has a griseoid phenotype and a strong abdominal cingulum, but the two taxa are geographically separated by a large lowland area that includes the River Ebro. Zygaena {Zygaena) trifolii subsyracusia Verity, 1925 Zygaena trifolii subsyracusia Verity, 1925, The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 37: 117, pi. 8, figs 31-33 (Zygaena); 1926, ibidem 38: 25 (Zygaena). Type-loeality. Franee: Morbihan, Plouhamel; Channel Islands. Zygaena trifolii vindilisensis Leraut, 2012, Moths of Europe 3: 87, pi. 14, figs 20, 21. Type-loeality. France: Morbihan, Belle-lle-en-Mer. Syn. n. Distribution and taxonomic notes. Zygaena trifolii varies in phenotype from year to year, even within the same colony (A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan pers. obs.). Hence, specimens taken from the same island (Belle-Ile-en-Mer) in different years may not match the original description (E. Drouet pers. comm.). On this basis, Zygaena trifolii vindilisensis is synonymised (syn. n.) with Zygaena trifolii subsyracusia, a subspecies that is distributed along the coastal regions of north-western France, from Loire-Atlantique to Côtes-d’Armor and Ille-et-Villaine, and is also found in the Channel Islands (Hofmann and Tremewan 1996: 185). General taxonomic comments Leraut (2012: 67) stated that the phylogenetic sequence in the presentation of the species follows Niehuis et al. (2007), yet the sister species Z. trifolii and Z. lonicerae are divided by Nota Lepi. 37(2)2014: 123-133 131 Z filipendulae\ the first two species are more closely related to each other than either is to Z. filipendulae and together they form a sister group to the latter (Niehuis et al. 2007; Hofmann and Tremewan 2010: 123). The position (Leraut 2012: 68) of Z. persephone in the ‘subgenus’ Santolinophaga (a syno- nym of Mesembrynus, as discussed above) is also incorrect. While we are aware that the sys- tematic position of Z. persephone is at present enigmatic, we cannot see any justification for placing a species whose larva feeds on Vieia glauea C. Presl. (Fabaceae) (Barragué 1986: 316; Tremewan 1989) in a monophyletic subgenus consisting solely of Apiaceae-, Asteraceae- and Lamiaceae-feeders. No doubt Leraut had difficulty assigning it to a subgenus because it was not dealt with by Niehuis et al. (2007). However, until the taxon has been subjected to DNA analysis, it is better to keep the status quo, i.e. to leave it in the subgenus Zygaena, following Alberti (1958: 280, 313), Naumann and Tremewan (1984: 168) and Hofmann and Tremewan (1996: 142, 2010: 123). While it is correctly stated (Leraut 2012: 100) that Z. oxytropis is closely similar to Z. rhad- amanthus, there is little evidence that the former could only be a subspecies of the latter and that ‘molecular biology’ could be used to investigate further. In spite of the fact that a hybrid zone between the taxa occurs (or occurred) in north-western Italy (Burgeff 1951: 11), a phe- nomenon that is not unusual between the ranges of two closely related Zygaena species, the heterospecificity of Z. oxytropis and Z. rhadamanthus has been confirmed by DNA analysis (Niehuis et al. 2007). With reference to the treatment of Z. transalpina transalpina and Z. transalpina hippoere- pidis (Leraut 2012: 102-106), one has to acknowledge that the relationship between these two taxa has been controversial for many years. Leraut (2012) followed the intensive study by Ma- zel (2009a, 2009b, 2010) who contends that the genitalic morphology has ‘confirmed’ that both taxa are valid species and that a hybrid zone between the two taxa occurs in eastern France. However, while Mazel should be acknowledged for the enormous amount of research into the problem, his arguments based on genitalic morphology alone are unconvincing. It should be noted that there are also hybrid populations in Germany where they form a mosaic in their distribution rather than a hybrid zone or tension zone (Hofmann 1994: 285-288). Moreover, DNA analysis by Niehuis et al. (2007) supports their conspecificity, as does the work of Hille (2012) who has recently assessed populations by using genogeographic clustering, based on phenotype, genotype and haplotype variation. New molecular data provided by Hille, based on 200 specimens from Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Czech Republic and Slovakia, augment the sequence data base available for this approach. Further support has been provided by a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis (von Reumont et al. 2012: 45, fig. 4). Acknowledgements We are most grateful to Professor Roger L. H. Dennis (Wilmslow), Mr Eric Drouet (Gap), Mr Marc Nicolle (Angers), Dr Klaus Sattler (London), Dr Adrian Spalding (Praze-an-Beeble) and Mr John Tennent (Ardley) for peer reviewing this paper and for their constructive comments which helped considerably to improve and clarify the text. Mr Drouet also very kindly provided a French translation of the abstract. 132 Efetov et al.: Taxonomie comments on the treatment of the Zygaenidae... References Alberti B (1958) Über den stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der Gattung Zygaena F. und ihrer Vorstufen (In- secta, Lepidoptera). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 34; 245-396. Alberti B (1959) Über den stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der Gattung Zygaena F. und ihrer Vorstufen (In- secta, Lepidoptera). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 35: 203-242. Barragué G (1986) Voyage entomologique dans le Maghreb. Première partie. 40.000 kilomètres à la recher- che des Zygènes (Lepidoptera Zygaenidae). Linneana Belgica 10; 299-326. Burgeff H (1951) Die Meearalpengrenze der Zygaenen (Lep.), eine mit Hilfe der Populationsanalyse der Arten der Gattung Zygaena (Lepidoptera) durchgefuhrte Untersuchung über die Lokalisation und die Bedeutung geographischer Rassen in ihrem Zusammenhang mit der Eiszeit. Biologisches Zentralblatt 70: 1-23. Burgeff H (1956) Über die Modifizierbarkeit von Arten und geographischen Rassen der Gattung Zygaena (Lep.). Nova Acta Leopoldina (NF) 18(127): 1-59. Burgeff H (1965) Über die Bestimmung systematischer Einheiten durch morphologische und physiologische Merkmale, dargestellt an der Gattung Zygaena (Lep.) Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen (11. Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse) 1965: 1-15. Dujardin F (1965) Les voies de pénétration des Lépidoptères dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes. 90® Congrès des Sociétés Savantes 2: 585-596. Efetov KA (2001a) On the systematic position of Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900 (Eepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) and the erection of two new subgenera. Entomologist’s Gazette 52; 41^8. Efetov KA (2001b) On the systematic position of some taxa of Forester moths (Eepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) described by Ruggero Verity. Entomologist’s Gazette 52: 128. Efetov KA (2001c) An annotated check-list of Forester moths (Eepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Ento- mologist’s Gazette 52: 153-162. Efetov KA (2004) Forester and Burnet moths (Eepidoptera: Zygaenidae). The genera Theresimima Strand, 1917, Rhagades Wallengren, 1863, Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900, Adscita Retzius, Jordanita Verity, 1946 (Procridinae), and Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Zygaeninae). Crimean State University Press, 272 pp. Efetov KA, Tarmann GM (1999) Forester Moths: The genera Theresimima Strand, 1917, Rhagades Wallen- gren, 1863, Jordanita Verity, 1946, and Adscita Retzius, 1783 (Eepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 192 pp. Efetov KA, Tarmann GM (2012) A Checklist of the Palaearctic Procridinae (Eepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Crimean State University Press, Simferopol, 108 pp. Efetov KA, Hofmann A, Tarmann GM, Tremewan WG (20 1 3) [Book review.] Nota lepidopterologica 36: 87-9 1 . Hille A (2012) Assessing Bayesian population and genogeographic clustering of the Zygaena transalpina superspecies complex - demonstrating a geographic visualization approach by applying Google Earth to the population structure and population history based on genetic variation (Eepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae). In: Tarmann GM, Tremewan WG, Young MR (Eds) Abstracts of the Xlll International Sym- posium on Zygaenidae 16-23 September 2012, Innsbruck, 18. Hofmann A (1994) Zygaenidae (Widderchen). In; Ebert G (Ed) Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs. Vol. 3. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart, 153, 196-335. Hofmann A, Tremewan WG (1996) A systematic Catalogue of the Zygaeninae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Harley Books, Colchester, 251 pp. Hofmann A, Tremewan WG (2010) A revised check-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept. Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119-131. Nota Lepi. 37(2)2014: 123-133 133 ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoologieal Nomenclature. The International Trust for Zoological Nomen- clature, London. Fourth Edition, xxix, 306 pp. Leraut P (2012) Volume 3: Moths of Europe, Zygaenids, Pyralids 1 and Brachodids. NAP Editions, Ver- rières-le Buisson, 599 pp. Mazel R (2009a) Le contact entre deux «bad species» Zygaena tramalpina Esper, 1781 et Z. hippocrepidis Hübner, 1796 en France et dans quelques contrées limitrophes (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Revue de l’As- sociation Roussillonnaise d’Entomologie 18: 54-70. Mazel R (2009b) Le contact entre deux «bad species» Zygaena transalpina Esper, 1781 et Z. hippocrepidis Hübner, 1796. Deuxième partie: dans le sud-est de la France, à l’est du Rhône (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Revue de l’Association Roussillonnaise d’Entomologie 18: 127-147. Mazel R (2010) Le contact entre deux «bad species» Zygaena transalpina Esper, 1781 et Z. hippocrepidis Hübner, 1796. Troisième partie: au sud-ouest du Rhône (suite et fin) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Revue de l’Association Roussillonnaise d’Entomologie 19: 89-106. Naumann CM, Tremewan WG (1984) Das Biospecies-Konzept in seiner Anwendung auf die Gattung Zygae- na Fabricius, 1775 (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Spixiana 7: 161-193. van Nieukerken EJ, Kaila L, Kitching IJ, Kristensen NP, Lees DC, Minet J, Mitter C, Mutanen M, Regier JC, Simonsen TJ, Wahlberg N, Yen S-H, Zahiri R, Adamski D, Baixeras J, Bartsch D, Bengtsson BÂ, Brown JW, Bucheli SR, Davis DR, De Prins J, De Prins W, Epstein ME, Gentili-Poole P, Gielis C, Hättenschwiller P, Hausmann A, Holloway JD, Kalbes A, Karsholt O, Kawahara AY, Koster SJC, Kozlov MV, Lafontaine JD, Lamas G, Landry J-F, Lee S, Nuss M, Park K-T, Penz C, Rota J, Schintlmeister A, Schmidt BC, Sohn J-C, Solis MA, Tarmann GM, Warren AD, Weller S, Yakovlev RV, Zolotuhin VV, Zwick A (2011) Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang Z-Q (Ed) Animal Biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classifi- cation and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 212-221. Niehuis O, Hofmann A, Naumann CM, Misof B (2007) Evolutionary history of the bumet moth genus Zy- gaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data: phytogeny, host-plant association, wing pattern evolution and historical biogeography. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 92: 501-520. doi: 10.1111/j.l095-8312.2007.00858.x Niehuis O, Yen S-H, Naumann CM, Misof B (2006) Higher phytogeny of zygaenid moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data and the evolution of larval cuticular cavities for chemi- cal defence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39: 812-829. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.007 Oberthür C (1910) Études de Lépidoptérologie comparée 4, 692 pp. von Reumont BM, Struwe J-F, Schwarzer J, Misof B (2012) Phylogeography of the Bumet Moth Zygaena transalpina complex: molecular and morphometric differentiation suggests glacial réfugia in southern France, western France and micro-refugia within the Alps. Journal of zoological Systematics and Evolu- tionary Research 50: 38-50. doi: 10.1 11 1/j. 1439-0469.201 1.00637.x Tremewan WG ( 1 989) Biological, ecological and synonymic notes on Zygaena {Zygaena) persephone Zemy, 1934 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Entomologist’s Gazette 40: 15-20. Verity R (1925) Remarks on the evolution of the Zygaeninae and an attempt to analyse and classify the varia- tions of Z. lonicerae Scheven, and of Z. trifolii Esp., and other subspecies. The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 37: 101-104, 117-121, 135-138, 154-158. Verity R (1926) Remarks on the evolution of the Zygaeninae and an attempt to analyse and classify the varia- tions of Z. lonicerae Scheven, and of Z. trifolii Esp., and other subspecies. The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 38: 9-12, 22-26, 57-62, 69-74. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 135-139 | DOI 10.3897/nl.37.8350 New data on the many-plumed moths (Alucitidae, Lepidoptera) of the Far East of Russia Peter Ustjuzhanin', Vasily Kovtunovich^ 1 Altai State University, Lenina 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russia; petrust@mail.ru 2 Moscow Society of Nature Explorers, Bolshaya Nikitskaya 6, Moscow, 103009, Russia; vasko-69@mail.ru http://zoobank.org/60BDF763-8590-4EF4-BFCl-ClE27354C3CC Received 26 July 2014; accepted 16 August 2014; published: 27 October 2014 Subject Editor: Bernard Landry. Abstract. Orneodes zonodactyla var. eumorphodactyla Caradja, 1920 is regarded as a valid species with the following combination: Pterotopteryx eumorphodactyla (Caradja, 1920), comb.nov. Alucita sakhalini- ca Zagulajev, 1995 and Pterotopteryx koreana Bong-Kyu Byun, 2006, are synonymized with Pterotopteryx eumorphodactyla (Caradja, 1920). New data on the distribution of P. eumorphodactyla and Alucita ussurica Ustjuzhanin, 1999 in the Russian Far East are given. Introduction The Alucitidae comprise 216 species in 9 genera distributed around the world (van Nieukerken et al. 2011). The first Russian Far East representative of Alucitidae was described by Prince Aristide Caradja from the neighborhood of Radde Village as Orneodes zonodaetyla var. eumorphodaetyla Caradja, 1920. It was given species status as Alueita eumorphodaetyla (Caradja, 1920) by Gielis (2003). The species was not listed in the Alucitidae chapter of the “Key to the Insects of the Rus- sian Far East” (Ustjuzhanin 1999b), but it was included as Alueita eumorphodaetyla in the “Cata- logue of the Lepidoptera of Russia” (Ustjuzhanin and Kovtunovich 2008). Pterotopteryx sakhaliniea (Zagulajev, 1995) was described from the southern part of Sakhalin Island based on a series of 10 specimens (Zagulajev 1995). Later, we found that this species had a rather wide range, occurring not only on Sakhalin, but also in the southern Kurile Islands and the continental part of the Russian Far East, from Khasan District in the south to Nikolayevsk- on-Amur in the north (Ustjuzhanin and Kovtunovich 2008). More recently, Ustjuzhanin (1999a) described ussuriea Ustjuzhanin, 1999 from the southern part of Primorsky Krai, currently its only known locality. Five species of Alucitidae were reported from Japan (Hashimoto 1984). Two of them, Alucita japonica (Matsumura, 1931) and Pterotopteryx spilodesma (Meyrick, 1907), inhabit Hokkaido Island, the nearest territory to the Russian Far East. Both can be easily distinguished from Alucita ussurica and Pterotopteryx eumorphodactyla based on external characters and genitalia morphol- ogy. Three species have been recorded from Korea (Byun 2006): Alucita japonica, Pterotopteryx spilodesma, and the newly described Pterotopteryx koreana Byun, 2006. 136 USTJUZHANIN & Kovtunovich: New data on the many-plumed moths... Our re-examination of type specimens and study of additional material allow us to make some corrections and additions to the taxonomy and distribution of the Alucitidae species found in the Russian Far East. Abbreviations MGAB Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History (Bucharest, Romania). ISEA Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals (Novosibirsk, Russia). CUK Collection of R Ustjuzhanin and V. Kovtunovich (Novosibirsk and Moscow, Russia). ZISP Zoological Institute (St. Petersburg, Russia). Taxonomic part Pterotopteryx eumorphodactyla (Caradja, 1920), comb. n. Figs 1-6 Orneodes zonodactyla var. eumorphodactyla Caradja, 1920: 88. Type locality: Radde, Amur Region, Russia. Alucita eumorphodactyla: Gielis 2003: 110; Ustjuzhanin and Kovtunovich 2008: 150. Alucita sakhalinica Zagulajev, 1995: 111. Type locality: South Sakhalin, Russia. Syn. nov. Pterotopteryx koreana Byun, 2006: 42. Type locality: Unduryeong, Mt. Gyebang, Province Gangweon-do, Korea. Syn. nov. Material. Russia. South Sakhalin: Pik-Chekhova, h - 500 m, 2.06.1988, 1(5' (holotype), leg. M. Nesterov (ZISP); same data as holotype, but 2.06.1988, 4(5',2$, 12.06.1988, 1(5', 1$, 21.06.1988, 1 S (paratypes), leg. M. Nesterov (ZISP); Yuzhno-Sakha- linsk, 30.vi.-3.vii.l983, 7 ex., leg. S. Sinev (ZISP); Sinegorsk, 3.VÜ.1991, 1$, leg. A. Kupriyanov (CUK); Novoalexandrovka village, 30.vi.l991, 1(5', leg. A. Kupriyanov (CUK); Urozhaynoe village, 22-23. vi. 1989, 3(5', leg. V. Dubatolov (ISEA). Kurile Islands: Kunashir Isl., Semovodsk, 12.vii.l967, 2 ex., leg. Zabello (ZISP); Shikotan Isl., 20.vi.l973, 1(5', 1$, leg. I. Kerzhner (ZISP). Khabarovskii Krai: 20 km W of Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Archangel’skoe village, 15-18.vii.2009, 6 ex., leg. V. Duba- tolov (ISEA, CUK); Bolshekhekhtsirskii Nature Reserve, Bychikha village, 26.V.2006, 1 (5', leg. V. Dubatolov (CUK); Pivan’ village, 31.V. 2008, 1(5', leg. A. Syatchina (CUK). Amur Region: Bastak Nature Reserve, 7-15.vi. 2004, 1(5', 1$, leg. A. Strelt- zov (CUK); Blagoveshchensk, l.vi. 2012, 1(5', leg. A. Streltzov (CUK). Primorsky Krai: Barabash village, 16-19.viii, 2008, 1 S, leg- A. Streltzov, P. Osipov, E. Malikova (CUK); 20 km E of Ussuriisk, Gomotajozhnoe village, l.vi. 1994, 1 S, leg. V. Dubatolov (ISEA). Distribution. Russian Far East: Sakhalin, southern Kurile Islands, Khabarovskii Krai, Amur Region, Primorsky Krai. Korean Peninsula. Life history. Biology unknown. Flight period: V-VII. Probably develops in two generations. Remarks. The type series of Orneodes zonodactyla var. eumorphodactyla Caradja, 1920 consists of six specimens held in MGAB. Dr. Mihai Stänescu, Lepidoptera collection manager in this muse- um, kindly sent us the abdomens of two paralectotypes for genitalia dissection. Our study of the male genitalia as well as external morphology revealed a number of diagnostic characters for the genus Pterotopteryx Hannemann, 1959 (third segment of labial palpus short, less than 1/3 as long as sec- ond segment; all five forewing R veins developed; valva with broad base; uncus undivided apically; gnathos acute apically; phallus nearly straight with spiniform comuti in vesica) which provide ample Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 135-139 137 Figures 1-6. Pterotopteiyx eumorphodactyla (Caradja). 1. Lectotype, male. 2. Lectotype label. 3. Paralec- totype, male. 4. Paralectotype, female. 5. Paralectotype, male genitalia. 6. Paralectotype, female genitalia. (Photo; M. Stanescu,!^ and V. Kovtunovich, 5, 6) 138 UsTJUZHANiN & Kovtunovich: New data on the many-plumed moths... reason for treating this taxon as a valid species within Pterotopteryx. In addition, all characters studied revealed the obvious conspecificity of Pterotopteryx eumorphodactyla with the recently described Aliicita sakhalinica Zagulajev, 1995 (Zagulajev 1995: 111-115, figs 4—5) and Pterotopteryx koreana B>ain, 2006 (Byun 2006: 42, figs 6-9). In particular, the following character states are diagnostic. The wings are yellowish ashy, the middle and outer bands are well defined, and there are several con- | trasting spots on the costal margin of the forewing, near the base. In the male genitalia, the uncus is | laterally narrow and its apex is lanceolate in frontal aspect, the valvae are wide and sclerotized near the base, narrow and membranous to the apex, and the phallus is slightly curved and with well-developed comuti. In the female genitalia, the antrum is cup-shaped, the bursa copulatrix is oval with a rounded signum, and the ductus is covered with small spines. Alucita ussurica Ustjuzhanin, 1999 Ahicita ussurica Ustjuzhanin, 1999: 2. Type locality: Gomotajozhnoe, Primorsky Krai, Russia. Material. Russia. Primorsky Krai: 20 km E of Ussuriisk, Gomotajozhnoe village, 1 l.vi. 1983, l(^ (holotype), leg. S. Sinev (ZISP); same locality, 12.vii.l990, 1(5', ll.vi.l983, 2(5' (paratypes), leg. S. Sinev (ZISP); 8.VÜ.1990, 1$ (paratype), leg. P. Ustjuzhanin (CUK); Kamenushka village, 12.vii.l990, 1(5' (paratype), leg. P. Ustjuzhanin, S. Zakharov (ISEA); Kedrovaya Pad’ Nature Reserve, 14 -15.vii.1984, 1(5,2 $ (paratype), leg. A. Lvovsky (ZISP); same locality, 25. vii. 1998, 2(5, 1$ (para- type), leg. S. Sinev (ZISP); Ananievka River headwaters, 7.VÜ.I982, 1(5 (paratype), leg. S. Sinev (ZISP); Khasan district, Zanadvorovka village, 4-19.vii.2004, 2(5, leg. A. Streltzov, P. Osipov, D. Filatov (CUK). Distribution. Russian Far East: south of Primorsky Krai. Life history. Biology unknown. Flight period: VI-VII. Probably develops in two generations. Remarks. This species, previously known only from its type locality, is actually more widely distributed in the region. In conclusion, only two species of many-plumed moths are known in the south of the Russian Far East: Pterotopteryx eumorphodaetyla and Alueita ussurica. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Dr. Mihai Stânescu (MGAB) for the opportunity to examine type material of Pterotopteryx eumorphodactyla and to Dr. S. Sinev and Dr. A. Lvovsky (ZISP) for loan of material under their care. We also thank collectors V. Dubatolov (Novosibirsk, Russia), A. Streltzov, E. Malikova and P. Osipov (Blagovesh- chensk, Russia), and A. Kupriyanov (St. Petersburg, Russia). We express a special gratitude to Dr. S. Sinev (ZISP) and anonymous referees for valuable comments and suggestions. References Byun B-K (2006) Alucitidae (Lepidoptera) of Korea: Description of a new species and records of two previously unrecorded species. Zootaxa 1188: 37^7. Caradja A (1920) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Mikrolepidopteren des pa- laearktischen Faunengebietes, nebst Beschreibungen neuer Formen. III. Teil. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 34: 75-179. Gielis C (2003) Pterophoroidea & Alucitoidea (Lepidoptera). World Catalogue of Insects 4: 1-198. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 135-139 139 Hashimoto S (1984) The genus Alucita of Japan (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae). Tyo to Ga 34(3): 1 1 1-123. van Nieukerken EJ, Kaila L, Kitching IJ, Kristensen NP, Lees DC, Minet J, Mitter C, Mutanen M, Regier JC, Simonsen TJ,Wahlberg N, Yen S-H, Zahiri R, Adamski D, Baixeras J, Bartseh D, Bengtsson BÂ, Brown JW, Bueheli SR, Davis DR, De Prins J, De Prins W, Epstein ME, Gentili-Poole P, Gielis C, Hättenschwiler P, Hausmann A, Holloway JD, Kallies A, Karsholt O, Kawahara A, Koster JC, Kozlov MV, Lafontaine JD, Lamas G, Landry J-F, Lee S, Nuss M, Park K-T, Penz C, Rota J, Schmidt BC, Schintlmeister A, Sohn JC, Solis MA, Tarmann GM, Warren AD, Weller S, Yakovlev RV, Zolotuhin VV, Zwick A (2011 ) Order Lepi- doptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang Z-Q (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 212-221. Ustjuzhanin PYa (1999a) New and little-known Palaearctic species of Alucitidae (Lepidoptera). Far Eastern Entomologist 68: 1-7. Ustjuzhanin PYa (1999b) Family Alucitidae. In: Ler PA (Ed.) Trichoptera and Lepidoptera, part 2. Key to the Insects of the Russian Far East 5(2): 516-519. [in Russian] Ustjuzhanin PYa, Kovtunovich VN (2008) Family Alucitidae. In: Sinev SYu (Ed.) Catalogue of the Lepidop- tera of Russia, 150-151. [in Russian] Zagulajev AK (1995) New and little-known moths (Lepidoptera: Eriocottidae, Alucitidae, Thyrididae) of the fauna of Russia and neighbouring territories. VIII. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 74( 1 ): 1 05-1 1 9. [in Russian] A’ " ' .ms^. ■ f » ^*«%**'\ If» ^<1 ,\:.W>m^ ' "" ’ îiiJl y-0'^ m^-4 . »-* #x*i^!lSiîv|)^fjji^ïï^^S?lj ;>'^A ^ J- , • j',t«ij.i ’n*^^ ■*-f^ '" ’•»'^’ ^ -Xiw, Ofi^'. J., ,«f-,rfflÿ«jl-, ;i4j',.jj(i ® feM« ■’ÄÄ^'’‘‘- ''-r-'i- # t ’♦^'K' - . «;■ :^,ti . <^ ' 5t%i .'-■ , • -ail«®#»' à ' w-?;»''^***'»' u. ':' ' B ;?■ It?'- ■ 1- „■ '' 4:'l ■; "■ '?> . ' " --' ? S ■ ^'‘T%-y-^ I ■ ■ i-' o . ,u ^ '■:f.f-rf''^^^ ^ii .f->='''-C:v, ■ '- ' : V L , y.'i '**► *#■ S| ■-C ■z'f^'lH ■ ••%> ' ' ) lîs ’ ..• ,,,o.^ ‘ !. ' y'Ä '--pM -.^ fe.Ä .i^; r Î Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 141-150 | DOI 10.3897/nl.37.7681 Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) recognized as bona species - an integrative approach Dirk Stadie*, Axel Hausmann^ Hossein Rajaei Sh.^ 1 Balmhofstraße 13, 06295 Lutherstadt Eisleben, Germany; Dirk.Stadie@t-online.de 2 SNSB - Bavarian State Collection of Zoology Munich, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany; Axel. Hausmann@zsm. mwn. de 3 Biocentre Grindel and Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg; Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; hossein.rajaei.shoorcheh@uni-hamburg.de http;//zoobank.org/E9C4F2AA-0CA7-4147-B8E2-B748A38F2154 Received 9 April 2014; accepted 25 August 2014; published: 27 October 2014 Subject Editor: Sven Erlacher. Abstract. Based on morphological and molecular analyses of ''Cataclysme riguata Hb. var. subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932” and C. riguata (Hübner, 1813) the former is raised to species rank. C. subtilisparsata is re-de- scribed here and compared with C. riguata. Molecular data derived from DNA barcoding are discussed. We illustrate male and female genitalia of both species and present data on life history and morphology of the early stages of C. subtilisparsata. Introduction Cataclysme Hübner, [1825] is a small West-Palaearctic genus of moths belonging to the tribe Cata- clysmini Herbulot, 1961 (Larentiinae, Geometridae). Viidalepp (201 1) and Hausmann and Viidalepp (2012) listed the tribal diagnostic characters. In both checklists of Scoble (1999) and Scoble and Haus- mann (2007) seven species are listed for this genus. Recently Viidalepp (2009) and Choi and Stüning (2011) revised the Eastern Palaearctic genus Paraplaneta Warren, 1895, recognizing eight species for Paraplaneta and leaving five species in the genus Cataelysme. All members of Cataclysme are of medium size, their coloration varying from light brownish to dark grey. On the wing upper side all transverse lines are well developed, sinuate or dentate, distinct, and whitish. The coloration of the head, fions and vertex correspond rather well to that of the wings. The palpi are short, reduced in size, the proboscis is well developed and chaetosemata are present as two elongate patches. The abdomen and anal tuft are concolorous with wings. Male antennae are broadly flattened laterally, with very short ciliae, which are bipectinate in the closely related genus Paraplaneta. The forewing R5 is stalked with M 1 , and the areole is present. In male genitalia the uncus is flat, bifid with projections distally rounded and basally fused (Viidalepp 2009). The male genitalia have a “pseudojuxta” (see streak in Fig. 7a), an autapomorphy of Cataelysme and Paraplaneta within the tribe Cataclysmini (Choi and Stüning 2011). The phallus is long, with termino-lateral spinulose crests (‘dorsal-external carina’ in Viidalepp 142 Stadie et al.: Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 (Geometridae, Larentiinae)... 2011) and forked vesica with lines of comuti (the latter are not present in Paraplaneta). The female genitalia (except for corpus bursae) are strongly sclerotized. The ductus bursae is furrowed, the ostium j cleft and fused to stemite A7 (Viidalepp 2011). The species are bivoltine or facultative bivoltine and inhabit Mediterranean macchia such as all kinds of steppe biotopes from forest to open xero-montane I steppes. So far as is known the larvae are oligophagous feeding on species of Galium and Asperula (Rubiaceae). Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 was described as a variation of Cataclysme riguata (Hübner 1813) based on two specimens (1 S, 1 $; collected by Pfeiffer near Mara§ in June 1929). Prout (1938) regarded the first as a subspecies of the latter, while Scoble (1999) did not mention î that taxon at all. The status of this taxon remained unclear until now, due to the lack of sufficient material. Specimens recently collected in south-east Turkey, however, are allowing an integrative taxonomic revision of this taxon. Breeding experiments were undertaken to obtain more information about larval morphology and bionomie data. Results of morphological (genitalia) and DNA-barcode analyses show C. subtilisparsata to be a distinct species (the sixth of the genus) and not a form or subspecies of C. riguata. Materials and methods Morphological studies Specimens were photographed before performing a standard method of dissection (Robinson 1976). Genitalia slides were photographed using Zeiss digital stereomicroscope (ZEISS-SteREO: Discovery. V20). Specimens were identified based on comparison with the syntype and the original description (Wehrli 1932). More than 300 specimens of Cataclysme riguata were examined for comparison from following regions: Turkey (west, north, east), Iran (north, west, central), Caucasus (Georgia, Russia, Arme- nia), Europe (e.g. Germany, Austria, Hungary, France, Spain, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedo- nia, Greece, Bulgaria, Ukraine). Furthermore specimens of the following species were used for morphological examination and DNA barcoding (see Appendix): Cataclysme uniformata (Bellier, 1862); C. dissimilata (Rambur, 1833); C.festivata Staudinger, 1892; Paraplaneta sterneeki (Prout, 1938). Specimens from the following collections have been examined: ZFMK Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn ZSM Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich PCDS Private collection Dirk Stadie, Lutherstadt Eisleben DNA amplification and sequencing PCR amplification and sequencing of 658 bp of COI mtDNA of the three freshly collected spec- imens of C. subtilisparsata was successful using standard protocols (Ivanova et al. 2006) at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding (CCDB; Guelph), in the framework of the Lepidoptera Cam- paign of the international Barcode of Life program iBOL (see: www.lepbarcoding.org). Nota Lepi.37(2) 2014: 141-150 143 Data analysis Sequences were aligned using BOLD platform (www.boldsystems.org). For construction of the neighbour-joining tree (using K2P model: Kimura 1980) and for calculation of the genetic distanc- es we used MEGA5 (Tamura et al. 2011). For analysis the DNA barcodes of 1 7 individuals (of five Cataclysme and one Paraplaneta species) with fragment length >500bp were used. All sequences can be accessed in public projects on the barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD; data-set DS-Cat- aclys, www.boldsystems.org; cf Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007), such as in GenBank (for list of analyzed specimens and their GenBank accession numbers see Appendix). Results and discussion Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932, bona sp. Figs 1,2, 5,6, 10 and 11 Cataclysme riguata Hb. van subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932: Mitt. Miinchn. Ent. Ges. 20: 7. Locus typicus: southern Turkey, Achyr Dagh near Maras: Bertiz Jaila. Syntypes 1 c5', 1 ? (female traced in ZFMK; male not traced). The original description of subtilisparsata does not include any indication for an infrasubspecific un- derstanding but compares features in correlation to geographic distribution areas. Although in Wehrli’s paper several other taxa are introduced as “ssp.” this fact alone cannot be interpreted generally and “without doubf ’ (cf §45.6.1 Code ICZN) as an infrasubspecific meaning of “var.” in Wehrli (1932). Therefore the name is available according to §45.6.1 Code ICZN. Material examined. Lectotype (hereby designated in order to stabilize nomenclature) Ç, ”Syr. sept. [Turkey], Marasch, Achyr Dagh sept. Bertiz Jaila, 1800m, 09.-13.vi. [19]29, E. Pfeiffer leg.”, ''Cataclysme riguata Hb. var. subtilisparsata Wrli.”, ’Type”, ”Prep. Nr. G 81, $, G. Ebert”, ”BC ZFMK Lep 00781”; 1 Ç, S-Ost [S-East] Turkey, Hakkari Uludere, Tanin Tanin, 2200 m, 05.vi.l985, leg. P. Kuhna; 1 $, Ost [East] Turkey, Van, 2600 m, Giizeldere Paß, 06.vii.l979, leg. P.Kuhna, g. prep. 1491/2011 H. Rajaei; 1 S, same data, 18.vi.l985; in ZFMK. 5 c5', 5 Ç, Turkey centr. Provinz Adiyaman, Nemrut Dag, 38°02’07” N / 38°45’48” E, 1700-2000 m Ü.NN, 23.-25.V.2009, LF, leg. Fiebig & Rothe, g. preps: S 1805, Ç 1806/2012 H. Rajaei; in coll. Stadie. 1 S, “Syria s., [Turkey], Taums, Marasch, Einh.Slg. [local collectors] leg., 20.vi.34: in ZSM. 1 S, same data, viii.29; 2 S, same data, x.29, one with g. prep. ZSM G 8945; 1 S, 0-Turkey, Hakkari, östl. Bagisli, 1600 m, 09.vii.l979, leg. Gross, in coll. EMEM/ZSM. 1 $, [northern] Iran, Pr. Mazandaran, A1 Borz Mts. [Resteh-Ye-Elborz], 2998 m, Mazandaran Pass, 36.231° N / 51.438° E, leg. and coll. G. Petrany, DNA Barcode BC PG Lep 0100. Redescription. Wingspan 25-29 mm, forewing length 13.2-15.0 mm; n=ll. Apex pointed. Termen slightly rounded. Ground colour of forewing light ochre-brown to light grey-brown; basal and medial area darkened in half of all individuals, the others rather uniform; transverse lines well developed, distinct and dentate; postmedial line bordered distally with white scales; subterminal line narrow, whitish, more or less complete; terminal line fine dark brown, streak-like, interrupted at the veins; costa often suffused with whitish scales. Cell spots round, always present but often weak and hardly visible. Fringes slightly lighter than ground colour, chequered. Hindwing colour slightly lighter than forewing. Transverse lines usually indistinct except the postmedial and ter- minal lines. Cell spots usually absent. If present then very weak, developed as an elongate streak. Underside of both wings lighter than upper side, suffused with light ochre-brown scales. Trans- 144 Stadie et al: Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 (Geometridae, Larentiinae)... Figures 1-4. Wing pattern. 1 and 2, Cataclysme subtilisparsata: 1. Lectotype, Ç, Achyr Dagh (Marasch, Turkey); 2. S from Nemrut Dag (Adiyaman prov. Turkey). 3 and 4, Cataclysme riguata: 3. Ç from N Aksar (NE Turkey); 4. $ from West Ügrüp (Turkey); a. upperside; b. underside. Scale bar: 1 cm. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 141-150 145 verse lines absent or strongly reduced except the postmedial and terminal lines. Cell spots on both wings weak, but always present. Head and frons unicolorously ochre-brown. Palpi reduced in size. Antennae of male slightly dentate in lateral view, those of female filiform. Tibia of forelegs with- out spurs, of mid-legs with one pair, of hindlegs with two pairs of spurs. Chaetosemata present. Male genitalia. Uncus flat, bifid, projections distally rounded. Valva broadly sclerotized at cos- ta, with a rounded lobe and a deep, sub-apical incision. Apical projection thin, with small rounded tip. Juxta narrow and largely reduced, situated between the oval basal parts of the valvae and behind the pseudojuxta (only partly visible in Figs 5a, 7a), saccus well developed, broad. Phallus straight, long and slender with termino-lateral spinulose crests; vesica biforked with numerous comuti (Figs 5a, b). Female genitalia. Ductus bursae furrowed, slightly curved, near ostium remarkably widened, more sclerotized. Corpus bursae membranous (Fig. 6). Diagnosis. C. subtilisparsata differs from the closely related C. riguata by its slightly larger size. Wingspan in the latter 20-25 mm (n>100) in the former 23-27 mm (n=16), in one specimen from Hakkari, however, only 21 mm. The ground colour is notably lighter, on average. Specimens with darkened basal and medium field never occur in C. riguata. Despite a wide range of variation the transverse lines, especially basal and antemedial lines, are often more zigzagging and thus more reminiscent of C. uniformata (Bellier 1862) than of C. riguata. Furthermore, the forewing cell spots are usually absent in the latter. In male genitalia, pseudojuxta of C. riguata (Fig. 7a) round, in C. subtilisparsata elongate sub-rectangular (Fig. 5a). In female genitalia, ductus bursae of C. riguata (Fig. 8) larger, more robust and more strongly sclerotised than in C. subtilisparsata (Fig. 6) DNA barcoding. Genetic similarity and interspecific distances are shown in the neigh- bour-joining tree (Fig. 9). Exact distance values are listed in Table 1. Based on these data Cala- clysme subtilisparsata is more than 7% divergent from all other examined Calaclysme and Par- aplaneta species, confirming our hypothesis of species rank for C. subtilisparsata. However, sequencing of more specimens from northern Iran and all regions of Turkey is highly recom- mended. Furthermore, the identity of the taxon festivata needs to be investigated (cf. Fig. 9) and its lectotype designated. We consider here the populations from Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan as belonging to this taxon. The interpretation of Scoble (1999) (mentioning ‘Amur’ as locus typi- cus) is erroneous; Staudinger (1892) clearly states that “the Central Asian populations from Alai, Alexander Mountains, Osch, Usgent, Namangan and Prov. Samarkand” should bear this name. Preliminary data furthermore suggest that there is another taxon forming a separate genetic clus- ter, so far recorded from Georgia, eastern Turkey and Altai mountains. We do not exclude the possibility that this cluster refers to ''Cataclysme riguata elbursica Wagner, 1937”. Cataclysme shirniensis Ebert, 1965 (described from N. Afghanistan) is not included in the present study due to the lack of material. Geographic distribution. So far Cataclysme subtilisparsata is known only from the high mountain chains of south-east Turkey from Ceyhan Valley in the west to the mountain ridge south of Van in the east and Mazandaran in north Iran (see Fig 9). Bionomics. Similar to other Cataclysme species, C. subtilisparsata is a bivoltine species. The flight period of the first generation lasts from mid-May to the first third of June. The second brood occurs in July (result of in-vitro breeding experiments by first author and in-vivo by Ralf Fiebig in Nemrut-mountain, pers. comm.). The species inhabits steep, more humid east- and north-facing 146 Stadie et al.: Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 (Geometridae, Larentiinae)... Figures 5-8. Male and female genitalia. 5 and 6, Cataclysme subtilisparsata: 5. male (gen prep. 1805/2012 H. R.); 6. Lectotype (gen prep. G 81); 7 and 8, Cataclysme riguata: 7. male (gen prep. 1807/2012 H.R.), 8. female (gen prep. 1492/201 1 H. R.); a. male genitalia aparat; b. phallus. Abbreviations, pj, pseudojuxta; tl.c, termino-lateral crests; v, vesica. Scale bar: 1 mm. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 141-150 147 GWORA21 17-09IC. riguata\Morocco GWOSI871-10IC. riguatalGreece GWOSQ288-11|C. riguafa|Slovenia P GWORB1728-081C. riguata\\\a\y ‘-GWOTH404-12IC. hguata\Georg\a KGWORE1485-08|C. nguata\\la\y — GWORA2125-09|C. riguata\Croa\ia - GWORA2129-09|C. ngtyafa|Germany GWOR3622-08IC. nguafa|Turkey GWOSU277-11|C. riguata\Russ\a GWORU564-101C. uniformata\Spa\r\ GWORA2111-09|C. uniforrnata\Spa\n GWOSB290-10|C. uniformata\Spa\n GW OS B 289- 1 0| C. c//ss;m//afa| France GWOSM 1 39-1 1 |C. fesf/iafa|Kyrgyzstan GWOSM122-11IC. fest/v9fa|Kyrgyzstan GWOTG396-121C. festivata\Uzhek\stan C. riguata C. uniformata \C. dissimilata C. festivata - GWOTY029-101C. subf///spar5afa_LECT07YPE|Turkey (AchyrDaghL GWORP1 00-091 C. subtilisparsata\\ran (Mazandaran) ^ GWORA2127-09|C. süôW/sparsafajTurkey (Nemrut dagi) as-/' GWORA2130-09|C. subtilisparsata\Turkey (Nemrutdagi) GWORB2750-08|P. stemecki\Ch\na C. subtilisparsati P. sternecki 0.01 Figure 9. Un-rooted neighbour-joining tree based on individuals belonging to six species of the genera Calaclysme and Paraplaneta (calculated using the Kimura 2-parameter model with MEGA 5 (Tamura et al. 2011)). Table 1. Interspecific distances between six species of the genera Cataclysme and Paraplaneta (in %) (based on COI 5’ mt-DNA gene fragments, calculated using the Kimura 2-parameter model with MEGA 6 (Tamura et al. 2011)). The distances between C. subtilisparsata and other taxa have shown in bold. 1 2 3 4 5 1 . C. uniformata 2. C. festivata 9.3 3. C. subtilisparsata 8.7 9.8 4. C. riguata 2.4 9.1 8.6 5. P. sternecki 10.5 11.3 9.5 10.7 6. C. dissimilata 4.2 8.6 7.2 4.2 9.7 escarpments and outcrops from 1500-2100 m above sea level. The slopes are mainly covered with stands of thorny cushion plants dominated by xero-montane Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae) and Astragalus (Fabaceae) mixed with herbaceous vegetation. The host plant is probably a low growing, white-flowering Asperula sp. (Rubiaceae). In captivity the caterpillars accepted other Rubiaceae like Galium mollugo L. and G. verum L. The development lasts three weeks under laboratory conditions. The species shares its habitat with Ennominae species: Charissa pfeifferi (Wehrli, 1951), Charissa mutilata (Staudinger, 1879) and Gnophos libanotica (Wehrli, 1931). 148 Stadie et al. \ Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 (Geometridae, Larentiinae)... Figures 10, 11. Cataclysme subtilisparsata in Turkey, Dogu Anadolu, Province Malatya, north of Nemmt Dag. 10. Imago (female), 11. larva. Larva. Full-grown larva (L5) moderately slender, length 3 cm. Ground colour dorsally light green. Plead beige. Epistigmatal line fine, whitish. Stigmatal line broad, ivory coloured, with a yellow tinge, indistinct. Stigmata bright yellow, bordered by a fine black margin. The whole body is covered scarcely with fine blackish setae, with small blackish patches at their bases. Ventrum uniform whitish-green (Fig. 1 1). Acknowledgements We are grateful to Ralf Fiebig (Roßleben, Germany) for loan of his material and additional ecological in- formation on this species. Our special thanks go to Paul Hebert (CCDB, University of Guelph, Canada) and his team for kindly and professionally performing sequencing of the material. Furthermore we thank Jaan Viidalepp (Tartu, Estonia) and Bernd Müller (Berlin, Germany) for competent help and additional informa- tion on the tribe Cataclysmini. We are grateful to Dieter Stüning (Bonn, Germany) for the possibility to work in the ZFMK (Bonn) and for help and advice in preparing this paper. We thank our friend Lutz Lehmann (1963-2011), who was the first to identify the recently collected material as C. subtilisparsata. References Bellier JBE (1862) Description de Trois Lépidoptères nouveaux d’Espagne. Annales de la Société ento- mologique de France 4(2): 127. Choi SW, Stüning D (2011) Revision of the genus Paraplaneta Warren, 1895 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae) from Southeast Asia. Zootaxa 3038: 29^4. Hausmann A, Viidalepp J (2012) Larentiinae I. In: Hausmann A (Ed.) The Geometrid Moths of Europe 3: 1-743. Hübner J (1813) Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge 5, Geometridae (1): pi. 69, fig. 358. Ivanova NV, deWaard JR, Hebert PDN (2006) An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high quality DNA. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 998-1002. doi: 10.1 lll/j.1471-8286. 2006. 01428.x Kimura M (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 16: 1 1 1-120. doi: 10.1007/BF01731581 Nota Lepi. 37(2)2014: 141-150 149 Leech JH (1897) On Lepidoptera Heterocera from China, Japan, and Corea. Part II. Family Geometridae; Subfamilies Oenochrominae, Orthostixinae, Larentiinae, Acidaliinae, and Geometrinae. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6(19): 655. Prout LB (1934-1 935a) additions 1938a. Brephinae, Oenochrominae, Hemitheinae, Sterrhinae, Larentiinae. In: Seitz A (Ed.) Die Groß-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Suppl. 4. Verlag A. Kernen, Stuttgart. Ratnasingham S, Hebert PDN (2007) The Barcode of Life Data System. Molecular Ecology Notes 7: 355- 364. doi: 10.1111/j. 1471-8286.2007.01678.X Robinson GS (1976) The preparation of slides of Lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the Micro- lepidoptera. Entomologist’s Gazette 27: 127-132. Scoble MJ (Ed.) (1999) The catalogue. Geometrid Moths of the world: a catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometri- dae). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 1046 pp. Staudinger O (1879) Lepidopteren-Fauna Kleinasien’s. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 14: 321^82, 457, St. Petersburg. Staudinger O (1892) Neue Arten und Varietäten von paläarktischen Geometriden aus meiner Sammlung. Iris 5: 141-260. Scoble MJ, Hausmann A [updated 2007] Online list of valid and available names of the Geometridae of the World, http://www.lepbarcoding.org/geometridae/species_checklists.php [accessed 25 December 2013] Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 2731-2739. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msrl21 Viidalepp J (2009) Cataclysme dissimilata Rambur bona sp. and Camptogramma scriptiirata comb, nov., with comments on genus Euphyia Hübner 5./. Association Roussillonaise d'Entomologie 18: 28-36. Viidalepp J (2011) A morphological review of tribes in Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Zootaxa 3136: 1-44. Walker F (1863) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum 1195/1703. Warren W (1895) New species and genera of Geometridae in the Tring Museum. Novitates Zoologicae 2: 82-160. Wehrli E (1926) Eine neue Gnophos Art aus Anatolien. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 16: 95-98. Wehrli E (1931) Einige neue paläarktischen Geometriden aus Syrien, Algerien und Sicilien (Lepid. Het.). Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 21 : 41^6: 45. Wehrli E (1932) Neue Geometriden- Arten und Rassen (Lepid. Het.) von der Maras-Expedition L. Osthelder u. E. Pfeiffer, München. Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 22: 3-1 1. 150 Stadie et ai: Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 (Geometridae, Larentiinae)... Appendix List of sequenced specimens, with identification, Sampling sites collecting data. Accession numbers, and process ID in BOLD database. Data taken from BOLD and generated by Axel Hausmann Norbert Poll Petranyi Gergely Dieter Stüning Taxon identification Sampling site Genbank Accession Nr. Process ID (in BOLD database) C. riguata^^^ Italy, Calabria, Prov. Cosenza, Strada per Aieta, 39.924® N, 15.793® E, 340 m, 1. IX. 1991, leg. A. Hausmann, coll. ZSM KJ637336 GWORB 1728-08 C. riguata Slovenia, Kras-Presnica, 45.5667 N 13.9333E, 01.V.2005, leg. M. Petru, coll. Prohaska. KJ637333 GWOSQ288-11 C riguata Greece, West-Macedonia, Vogatsikon (suedl. Kastoria), 29-May-2006, 40.4° N, 21.2° E, leg. L. Weigert, coll. ZSM, Neotype! KJ637337 GWOSI871-10 C. riguata Morocco, Province Souss-Massa-Draa, Agadir env.[ironments], 10km N[orth] Agadir,30.505N 9.6628W, 15.IV.2002, leg. K. Cemy & M. Hluchy, coll. ZSM. GU655488 GWORA2117-09 C. riguata Germany, Thuringia, S[iidlicher] Kyfïhâuser, Ochsenburg, 08.V.2006, leg. et. coll. Dirk Stadie. GU655489 GWORA2 129-09 C riguata''^'' Italy, Calabria, Prov. Cosenza, Strada per Aieta, 39,9239° N, 15,7925°E, 5000 m, 28.VIII.1997, leg. A. Hausmann, coll. ZSM KJ637340 GWORE 1485-08 C. riguata Croatia, Primope-Gorski Kotar, Krk Island, Ba§canska Draga, 12. VI. 2000, leg. et. coll. Dirk Stadie. GU655487 GWORA2 125-09 C riguata Turkey, Dogu Anadolu, Erzincan, 20 km S. Erzincan, 39,73°N, 39,5°E, 18-Jun-1995, leg. M. Geek, coll. ZSM KJ637338 GWOR3622-08 C. riguata Russia, Tuva, near Shagonar, Khairakan Mt., 565 m, 51,8953°N, 93,5375°E, 03-Jun-2010, leg. R. Yakovlev, coll. ZSM. KJ637335 GWOSU277-11 C. dissimilata France.Corsica, Val d’Ese, 6km E Bastelica, 1600 m, 17.VII.2004, 41.997°N, 9.1204° E, leg. et coll. P. Skou HQ957809 GWOSB289-10 C. uniformata Spain, Castilla-La Mancha, Guadalajara, 4km E Embid, 1075 m, 08.08.2007, leg. P. Skou HQ957810 GWOSB290-10 C. uniformata Spain, Aragon, Torres de Albarracin, 40.4058N 1 .49444W, 2.V2003, 1250m, leg. K. Cemy, coll. ZSM GU655485 GWORA2111-09 C. uniformata''-^ Spain, Aragon, Temel, Sierra Albarracin, Moscardon, 1440 m, 22-May-2006, 40,32° N, 1,53°W, leg. R. Leimlehner, coll. N. Pöll HM910684 GWORU564-10 C. riguata Georgia, Kachetia, Tusheti, David Gazeta, 4.VII.2010, 41.2724°N 45.2209°E, leg. M. Franzen, coll. ZSM KJ637334 GWOTH404-12 C subtilisparsata Iran, Mazandaran, Resteh-Ye-Elborz, Mazandaran Pass, 2988 m, 22- Jun-2005, 36,23 1°N, 51,438®E, leg. et coll. G. Petrany HM393814 GWORPlOO-09 C. subtilisparsata''^'' Turkey, Dogu Anadolu, Province Malatya, Nemmt dagi northside, 38.0386N 38.7669E, 23.V.2009, 1500 m, leg. D. Stadie & H. Loebel, coll. Dirk Stadie. GU655490 GWORA2 127-09 C. subtilisparsata Turkey, Dogu Anadolu, Province Malatya, Nemmt dagi northside, 38.0386N 38.7669E, 23.V.2009, 1500 m, leg. D. Stadie & H. Loebel, coll. Dirk Stadie. GU655492 GWORA2 130-09 C. subtilisparsata Syria[Turkey], Achyr Dagh, Bertiz Jaila, 13.VII.1929, 1800 m, leg. E. Pfeiffer, Lectotype KJ637341 GWOTY029 C. festivata Kyrgyzstan, Prov. Osh, Distr. Nookat, Kitschik-Alai, Abschyr-Say, 1820m, 20-Jun-2010, 40,14°N, 72,36°E, leg. et coll. N. Pöll JN274367 GWOSM139-11 C. festivata Kyrgyzstan, Prov. Osh, Distr. Kara-Suu, Alai-Mountains, River Ak- Buura, Tarylga vie., 1535 m, 4-Jun-2010, 40,17°N, 72,97°E, leg. et coll. N. Poll JN274358 GWOSM122-11 C. festivata Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Parkent, reg. Surenata Mts., 900 m, 10- May-1995, 41,283°N, 69,7°E, leg. S. Murzin, coll. ZSM KJ637342 GWOTG396-12 P. sternecki''' China, Beijing Shi, Yanqing, Dayushu, 520 m, 13-Jun-2007, 40,38°N, 1 15,95°E, leg. C. Wang, coll. ZSM. KJ637339 GWORB2750-08 Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 151-160 | DPI 10.3897/nl.37.7871 Application of two molecular approaches (use of sex attractants and DNA barcoding) aUowed to vtAiscoytr Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Procridinae), hitherto known only from the female holotype Konstantin A. Efetov^ Axel Hofmann^, Gerhard M. Tarmann^ 1 Crimean State Medical University, Department of Biological Chemistry and Laboratory of Biotechnology, 295006 Simferopol, Crimea; evetov.konst@gmail.com 2 Am Hochgestade 5, D-76351 Linkenheim-Hochstetten, Germany; hofinann@abl-freibiig.de 3 Tiroler Landesmuseen, Ferdinandeum, Naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, Feldstrasse lia. A— 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; g. tarmann@tiroler-landesmuseen. at http: //zoobank. org/751519Bl-E464-42BE-AB62-84D 79423 1 1 86 Received 11 May 2014; accepted 12 June 2014; published: 27 October 2014 Subject Editor: Jadranka Rota Abstract. The hitherto unknown males of Zygaenoprocris (Zygaenoprocris) eberti (Alberti, 1968) were at- tracted by sex pheromones in Afghanistan. Conspecificity with the female holotype was confirmed by using DNA barcoding. A description of the male and data on the habitat of this species are provided. A key to the subgenera of the genus Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900, and the species of the subgenus Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900, is given. Introduction The subfamily Procridinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae) includes some genera with externally very similar species, e.g. Fuscartona Efetov & Tarmann, 2012 (Efetov 1997a), Chrysartona Swinhoe, 1892 (Efetov 2006), llliberis Walker, 1854 (Efetov 1997b; Efetov et al. 2004), Medina Alber- ti, 1954 (Efetov 1997b; Efetov 2010; Efetov and Tarmann 2012), Goe Hampson, 1893 (Efetov 1998), Adscita Retzius, 1753 (Efetov 2001b; Efetov and Tarmann 2012), Jordanita Verity, 1946 (Efetov 2001b; Efetov and Tarmann 2012) etc. Species of the mentioned genera can often be identified only by examination of genitalic structures (Efetov and Tarmann 1999), chaetotaxy of the first instar larvae (Efetov et al. 2006; Efetov and Hayashi 2008), karyotypes (Efetov 2004; Efetov et al. 2004) or DNA analysis. Some species are known only from the type specimens and sometimes only one sex is known. The identification of material of the other sex needs to be verified by molecular methods. One such genus is Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900 (Efetov and Tarmann 1994; Efetov 1996; 2001a), which is currently represented by 13 species (Efetov and Tarmann 2012). Hitherto Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968) was known only from the holotype, a female labelled ‘Z. -Afghanistan, Koh-i-Baba, S-Seite Shahtu-Pass, 3000 m, 17.-19.7.1966, G. EBERT leg.’ and collected on the south side of the pass known as Kotal-e Shahtu that crosses the Koh-i 152 Efetov et al.: Application of two molecular approaches ... Baba main chain between Panjao and Yakolang (Figs 4, 10). The discovery of the males of this species became possible by the use of two molecular methods: attraction by sex pheromones followed by confirmation of conspecificity of the collected males with the female holotype by DNA barcoding. Two esters of fatty acids, 2-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate and 2-butyl (9Z)-tetradecenoate, were found in the female pheromone glands of Illiberis {Primilliberis) rotundata Jordan, 1907 and both {R)~ and (5)-enantiomers of each compound were synthesized (Subchev et al. 2010). These compounds and their mixtures were screened in the field and proved to be sex attractants for different spe- cies of the genera Illiberis Walker, 1854 (Subchev et al. 2012; 2013), Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900 (Efetov et al. 2011), Adscita Retzius, 1783, and Jordanita Verity, 1946 (Efetov et al. 2010; Subchev et al. 2010). Methods During an expedition to Afghanistan in 2011, Axel Hofmann, using baits containing the above-mentioned female sex attractants and their mixtures, collected a series of males of Zy- gaenoprocris eberti in the vicinity of the lakes of Band-i Amir {ca. 40 km north-east of the type-locality) in the central Koh-i Baba in Hazarajat in Afghanistan (Efetov et al. 2012). Male specimens were attracted to (2R)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate and the mixture of (2R)-butyl (7Z)-do- decenoate and (2R)-butyl (9Z)-tetradecenoate (Fig. 2). The pin-label data are as follows: “Af- ghanistan, Prov. Bamiyan, Band-i Amir, Jarkushan N, Canyon, 3130-3280 m, 5. VII. 2011, [15/11], leg. A. HOFMANN”. At this locality Z. eberti was syntopic with Z. chalcochlora Hamp- son, 1900 (Figs 3, 10). Amongst the 38 collected males 37 were Z. eberti and only one male was Z. chalcochlora. In other localities in Afghanistan which were visited during the same collecting tour by A. Hofmann in 2011, only Z. chalcochlora could be found. Males of the latter species were seen resting (Fig. 9) and actively flying but a clear preference to any of the presented sex attractants could not be verified. DNA barcodes were obtained by sampling legs from dry specimens. Legs were prepared in the Department of Biological Chemistry of the Crimean State Medical University (Sim- feropol). All specimens were identified by K. A. Efetov & G. M. Tarmann. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were performed at the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding following standard high-throughput protocols (which can be accessed at http://www.dnabarcoding.ca/pa/ ge/research/protocols), where all obtained DNA extracts are stored now. All sequences were de- posited in GenBank according to the iBOL data release policy. Complete specimen data (images, voucher deposition, geographic coordinates, sequence and trace files) can easily be accessed in the BOLD in public project ZYGMO [http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/MAS_Manage- ment_OpenProject?code=ZYGMO]. Sequence divergences for the barcode region were calcu- lated using the Kimura 2 Parameter model by the analytical tools on BOLD. Results The conspecificity of the collected males with the holotype of Zygaenorpocris eberti was con- firmed by the analysis of the DNA barcode, 658-bp region of the cytochrome c oxidase I mito- chondrial gene (Fig. 5). The treeless habitat at Band-i Amir, Jarkushan N, Hazarajat, 3130-3280 Nota Lepi. 37(2)2014: 151-160 153 m (Fig. 3), was dominated hy Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae), Cousinia, Artemisia (Asteraceae) and Astragalus (Fabaceae) species. As we know from other Zygaenoprocris (Zygaenoprocris) spe- cies, Acantholimon and Cousinia may be the larval host-plants for the studied species. We provide below a description of the hitherto unknown male of Z. eberti. Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968) Description of male (Fig. 1). Length of body: 5. 8-6. 5 mm; length of forewing: 8. 6-8. 9 mm, width: 3. 3-3. 4 mm; length of antenna: 4. 6-5.0 mm. Frons and occiput green with submetallic sheen. An- tenna strongly clubbed, thickly covered with shining scales, bipectinate, length of pectination in middle part of antenna 0.7 mm, last segments of antenna with pectination reduced, antennal shaft strongly thickened distally, ratio of width of 4th segment from apex to width of 15th segment is 4. Proboscis well developed, yellow. Tegulae and patagia green with submetallic sheen. Thorax thickly covered with green shiny scales. Forewing upperside bright green with submetallic sheen, thickly covered with shiny scales; underside of forewing grey; fringe grey. Hindwing upper- and underside grey, fringe concolorous. Legs green, thickly covered with shiny scales, foreleg with long tibial epiphysis, hind tibia with one pair of spurs (apical). Abdomen greenish black, thickly covered with shiny scales. The long black hair covers the head, labial palpi, thorax, legs and abdomen. Male genitalia (Figs 6, 8). Uncus heavily sclerotized, nearly equal in length to tegumen. Valva without any process. Juxta long, 1.5 times longer than uncus. Phallus slightly curved, long, approx- imately 3 times longer than uncus, with one long straight comutus, its length 0.5 times length of phallus, distal part of comutus very slender, with pointed apex. Differential diagnosis. Zygaenoprocris eberti is syntopic and synchronous with Zygaeno- procris {Zygaenoprocris) chalcochlora Hampson, 1 900, the type species of the subgenus Zygae- noprocris Hampson, 1900. Externally these two species cannot be distinguished but both differ significantly in their genitalia morphology (Figs 6-8; Efetov and Tarmann 1999, figs 108, 166). In the male the phallus is longer in Z. eberti and the comutus is large with a characteristic shape Figures 1, 2. 1. Male of Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968). Afghanistan, Prov. Bamiyan, Band-i Amir, Jarku- shan N, 3130-3280 m, 5.VÜ.201 1, leg. A. Hofmann. Photo S. Heim. 2. Mixture of (2/?)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate and (2/?)-butyl (9Z)-tetradeeenoate (‘R12+R14’) attracting two males of Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968). The two males were so sexually excited that they copulated with each other. Afghanistan, Prov. Bamiyan, Band-i Amir, Jarkushan N, 3130-3280 m, 5.vii. 2011. Photo A. Hofmann. 154 Efetov et al.: Application of two molecular approaches ... Figures 3, 4, 3. Habitat of Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968), and Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora Hamp- son, 1900. Afghanistan, Prov. Bamiyan, Band-i Amir, Jarkushan N, 3130-3280 m, 5.vii. 2011. Photo A. Hofmann. 4. Near the type locality of Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968). Afghanistan, Prov. Bamiyan, Koh-i Baba, Shahtu pass, 3000 m. The exact type locality is not known. Photo A. Hofmann. 0.020 0,010 0.007 Zygaenoprocris eberti |658bp|Afghanistan I Zygaenoprocris eberti |614bp|Afghanistan I Zygaenoprocris eberti |658bpjAfghanistan Zygaenoprocris eberti |307bp|Afghanistan (hoiotype) p Zygaenoprocris efetovi|658bp|lran.Khorasan o.oi; Zygaenoprocris efetovi|658bp|lran.Khorasan O.OOG 0,010 0.00? 0.016 0.011 Zygaenoprocris efetovi|484bp|lran.Khorasan Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora|633bp|lran.Esfahan Zygaenoprocris chalcocNora|658bp|lran.Mazandaran - Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora(658bp|Afghanistan.Kabul Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora|658bp|Afghanistan.Kabul Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora|658bp|Afghanistan.Kabul Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora|658bp|lran.Kerman 0.024 Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora|658bp|lran.Yazd 0.007 i 0 018 0.017 Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora |658bp|lran.Yazd I Zygaenoprocris hofmanni|658bp|lran.Semnan ' Zygaenoprocris hofmanni|658bp|lran.Semnan 0.005 Zygaenoprocris khorassana|658bp|lran.Khorasan 0.009 0.02 ( = 2% Zygaenoprocris khorassana|658bp|lran.Khorasan I Zygaenoprocris khorassana|658bp|lran.Khorasan I Zygaenoprocris khorassana|658bp|lran.Khorasan Figure 5. Neighbour-joining tree (K2P) of the DNA barcodes for the different Zygaenoprocris {Zygaeno- procris) species. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 151-160 155 Figure 6. Male genitalia of Zygaenoprocris eberti. Afghanistan, Prov. Bamiyan, Band-i Amir, Jarkushan N, 3130-3280 m, 5.vii. 2011, leg. A. Hofmann. Figure 7. Female genitalia of the holotype of Procris eberti Alberti, 1968 (= Zygaenoprocris eberti), V - ventral view, d- dorsal view. ‘Z.-Afghanistan, Koh-i-Baba, S-Seite Shahtu-Pass, 3000 m, 1 7.-1 9.7. 1 966, G. EBERT leg.’ (with broad basal part and ending somewhat abruptly in a pointed tip distally). The female of Z. eberti has long, broad and strongly curved (twisted) ductus bursae, whereas Z. chalcochlora has short, narrow and straight ductus bursae. 156 Efetov et al: Application of two molecular approaches ... Figures 8a-d. a, b. Male genitalia of Zygaenoprocris eberti. Afghanistan, Prov. Bamiyan, Band-i Amir, Jarku- shan N, 3130-3280 m, 5.vii. 201 1, leg. A. Hofmann (Prep. GMT Z 3562). a, Uncus, tegumen, vinculum, saccus, valvae; b. Phallus (Photo S. Heim), c, d. Male genitalia of Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora. Afghanistan, Prov. Kabul, Kabul N, Darreh Estalif, 1880-2200 m, 21. vi. 201 1, leg. A. Hofmann (Prep. GMT Z 3564). c. Uncus, tegumen, vinculum, saccus, valvae; d. Phallus (Photo S. Heim). Remarks. As shown earlier, males of Zygaenoprocris (Molletia) taftana (Alberti, 1939), were attracted by (27?)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate (Efetov et al. 2011). Males of Zygaenoprocris {Zygaenoprocris) eberti were attracted by (2i?)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate (‘R12’) as well as by the mixture of (2R)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate and (2R)-butyl (9Z)-tetradecenoate (‘R12+R14’) (Fig. 2). Of the 38 males that were collected at both attractants 28 were taken around or on the R12 pheromone baits and 10 around or on the baits with the mixture of R12+R14. Of the 13 dissected specimens taken at R12, 12 were Z. eberti and only one Z. chalcochlora. All 10 specimens attracted to R12+R14 were Z. eberti. The collecting time was between 13.15-14.15 hours. Key to the subgenera of the genus Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900 1 Valva extremely narrow (Efetov and Tarmann 1999: figs 113-115; Efetov 2001a: fig. 11) subgenus Molletia Efetov, 200 1 a - Valva broad (Efetov and Tarmann 1999: figs 108-112; Efetov 2001a: figs 10, 12) 2 2 Apex of sacculus with triangular, pointed process (Efetov and Tarmann 1999: figs 111, 112; Efetov 2001a: fig. 12), ductus bursae with sclerotized spines (Efetov and Tarmann 1999: figs 1 69- 1 7 1 ; Efetov 200 1 a: fig. 1 5) subgenus Keilia Efetov, 200 1 a Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 151-160 157 Figure 9. Male of Zygaenoprocris chalcochlora Hampson, 1900, resting on Artemisia. Afghanistan, Prov. Baghlan, Salang pass, north side. Do Shagh N, Chahar Maghzak vie., 2180-2250 m, 22.vi. 2011. Photo A. Hofmann. Figure 10. Distribution map of Zygaenoprocris eherti and Z. chalcochlora in Afghanistan. Blue dots; Z. chalcochlora, yellow dots: Z. eherti (at the northern locality of Z. eherti this species is syntopic with Z. chalcochlora). 158 Efetov et al.: Application of two molecular approaches ... - Apex of sacculus without triangular, pointed process (Efetov and Tarmann 1999; figs 108-110; Efetov 2001a: fig. 10), ductus bursae without sclerotized spines (Efetov and Tarmann 1999: figs 166-168; Efetov 2001a: fig. 13; Mollet 2003: fig. 2) 3 3 Distal end of phallus with two very characteristic lateral processes with sclerotized den- tations apically (Efetov and Tarmann 1999: fig. 110), ductus bursae strongly dilated, forming a praebursa (Mollet 2003: fig. 2) subgenus Efetovia Mollet, 2001 - Distal end of phallus without lateral processes (Efetov and Tarmann 1 999: figs 1 08, 1 09), ductus bursae not forming a praebursa (Efetov and Tarmann 1999: figs 166-168; Efetov 2001a: fig. 13) subgenus Hampson, 1900 Key to the species of the subgenus Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900 1 2 3 4 5 Forewing upperside green, bluish green or coppery, with submetallic sheen Figs 1, 9) 2 Forewing upperside light brown, without submetallic sheen 5 Comutus short, slightly sclerotized (Fig. 8d, Efetov and Tarmann 1994: figs 56-60; 1999: fig. 108; Efetov 2001a: fig. 10), ductus bursae not twisted (Efetov and Tarmann 1999: fig. 166; Efetov 2001a: fig. 13) 3 Comutus long, strongly sclerotized (Figs 6, 8b; Efetov and Tarmann 1999: fig. 109), ductus bursae twisted (Fig. 7; Efetov and Tarmann 1999: figs 167, 168) 4 Papillae anales narrow, apophyses posteriores long (Mollet and Tarmann 2007: fig. 10) Z. (Z.) chalcochlora Hampson, 1900 Papillae anales broad, apophyses posteriores short Z. (Z.) khorassana (Alberti, 1939) Comutus very long (2.5 times longer than uncus), juxta with sclerotized spines ventrally (Efetov 1996: figs 5, 6; Efetov and Tarmann 1999: figs 109, 109a), ductus bursae narrow, distal part of ductus bursae with smooth walls (Efetov 1996: fig.7; Efetov and Tarmann 1999: fig. 167) Z. (Z.) rjabovi (Alberti, 1938) Comutus shorter (only 1 .8 times longer than uncus), juxta without sclerotized spines (Fig. 6), ductus bursae broad, distal part of ductus bursae with folded walls (Fig. 7; Efetov 1996: figs 8, 9; Efetov and Tarmann 1999: fig 168) Z. (Z.) eberti (Alberti, 1968) Comutus 6 times shorter than phallus, apex of comutus obtuse (Mollet and Tarmann 2007: fig. 6) Z. (Z.) hofmanni Mollet & Tarmann, 2007 Comutus only 3 times shorter than phallus, apex of comutus pointed (Mollet and Tar- mann 2007: fig. 5) Z. (Z.) efetovi Mollet & Tarmann, 2007 Acknowledgements We are indebted to Professor Dr Mitko A. Subchev (Bulgaria) for supplying us with the sex attractans, to Professor Dr P. D. N. Hebert (Canada) and Dr R. Rougerie (France) for help in DNA investigation, to Dr Robert Trusch (Germany) for the loan of the holotype of Procris eberti, to Mr P. V. Ruchko and the late Mr V. V. Kislovsky (both Crimea) for their help in the preparation of genitalia drawings, Mr S. Heim and Mr H. Kühtreiber (both Austria) for photographic work and help in compiling the barcoding tree. Nota Lepi. 37(2)2014: 151-160 159 References Alberti B (1968) Zur Kenntnis des Genus Procris F. in Afghanistan (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Reichenba- chia 10: 249-253. Efetov KA (1996) The description of the female of Adscita (Zygaenoprocris) rjabovi (Alberti, 1938) (Lepi- doptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Entomologist’s Gazette 47: 31-35. Efetov KA (1997a) Two new species of the genus Artona Walker, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Entomologist’s Gazette 48: 165-177. Efetov KA (1997b) Three new species of the genus Illiberis Walker, 1854, from Taiwan and Vietnam (Lepi- doptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Entomologist’s Gazette 48: 231-244. Efetov KA (1998) A revision of the genus Goe Hampson, [1893] (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae), with descriptions of two new species. Entomologist’s Gazette 49: 49-62. Efetov KA (2001a) On the systematic position of Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) and the erection of two new subgenera. Entomologist’s Gazette 52: 41^8. Efetov KA (2001b) An annotated check-list of Forester moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Ento- mologist’s Gazette 52: 153-162. Efetov KA (2004) Forester and Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). The genera Theresimima Strand, 1917, Rhagades Wallengren, 1863, Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900, Adscita Retzius, 1783, Jordanita Verity, 1946 (Procridinae), and Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Zygaeninae). CSMU Press, Simferopol, 272 pp. Efetov KA (2006) Nine new species of the genus Chrysartona Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Zygaeni- dae, Procridinae). Entomologist’s Gazette 57: 23-50. Efetov KA (2010) Illiberis {Medina) louisi sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from China. En- tomologist’s Gazette 61: 235-241. Efetov KA, Can E, Toshova TB, Subchev M (2010) New sex attractant ïor Jordanita anatolica (Naufock) (Lepi- doptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae). Acta zoologica bulgarica 62: 315-319. Efetov KA., Hayashi E (2008) On the chaetotaxy of the first instar larva of Artona martini Efetov, 1997 (Lep- idoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae, Artonini). Entomologist’s Gazette 59: 101-104. Efetov KA, Hofmann A, Tarmann GM (2012) The rediscovery of Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968) (Lep- idoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). XIII International Symposium on Zygaenidae, Innsbruck, 16-23 Sep- tember 2012: 9-10. Efetov KA, Parshkova EV, Koshio C (2004) The karyotype of Illiberis (Primilliberis) rotundata Jordan, [1907] (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Entomologist’s Gazette 55: 167-170. Efetov KA, Subchev MA, Toshova TB, Kiselev VM (2011) Attraction of Zygaenoprocris taftana (Alberti, 1939) und Jordanita horni (Alberti, 1937) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) by synthetic sex phero- mones in Armenia. Entomologist’s Gazette 62: 1 13-121. Efetov KA, Tarmann GM (1994) A revision of Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900, a subgenus oi Adscita Retzius, 1783 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Entomologist’s Gazette 45: 81-105. Efetov KA, Tarmann GM (1999) Forester Moths. The genera Theresimima Strand, 1917, Rhagades Wallen- gren, 1863, Jordanita Verity, 1946, and Adscita Retzius, 1783 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 192 pp. Efetov KA, Tarmann GM (2012) A checklist of the Palaearctic Procridinae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). CSMU Press, Simferopol - Innsbruck, 108 pp. Efetov KA, Tarmann GM, Hayashi E, Parshkova EV (2006) New data on the chaetotaxy of the first instar larvae of Procridini and Artonini (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Entomologist’s Gazette 57: 229-233. Mollet B (2003) The rediscovery of Zygaenoprocris (Efetovia) fredi (Alberti, 1939) and the description of the female (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). In: Efetov KA, Tremewan WG, Tarmann GM (Eds) Pro- ceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) (Innsbruck, Austria, September 2000). CSMU Press, Simferopol, 103-108. 160 Efetov et al.: Application of two molecular approaches ... Mollet B, Tarmann GM (2007) Two new species of Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from Iran. Entomologist’s Gazette 58: 69-84. Subchev M, Efetov KA, Toshova T, Parshkova EV, Toth M, Francke W (2010) New sex attractants for species of the zygaenid subfamily Procridinae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Entomologia Generalis (Stuttgart) 32: 243-250. Subchev MA, Koshio C, Toshova TB, Efetov KA (2012) Illiberis {Phmilliberis) rotundata Jordan (Lep- idoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae) male sex attractant: Optimization and use for seasonal monitoring. Entomological Science 15: 137-139. Subchev M, Koshio C, Toshova T, Efetov KA, Francke W (2013) (27?)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate, a main sex pheromone component of Illiberis {Primilliberis) pruni Dyar (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae)? Actazoologicabulgarica65: 391-396. doi: 10.1 111/j. 1479-8298.201 1.00485.x Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 161-165 | DPI 10.3897/nl.37.8098 Phyllobrostis minoica sp. n. from Crete (Greece) - an expected discovery (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutoidea, Lyonetiidae) Wolfram Mey' 1 Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute at Humboldt Universität, Invalidenstr 43, D-10115 Berlin; wolfram. mey@mfn-berl in. de /7/rp;//zooZ>flwLorg/0A007CAE-38E8-43D3-B5AA-5E7D15BCFA07 Received 30 January 2014; accepted 15 May 2014; published: 17 November 2014 Subject Editor: Laud Kaila. Abstract. Phyllobrostis minoica sp. n. is described from Crete, Greece. It belongs to the P. daphneella group and seems to be related to P. jedmella Chrétien. The two species are clearly distinguishable by the external characters and by the male genitalia. The adult habitus and male and female genitalia of the new species are illustrated. Introduction Species of the genus Phyllobrostis Staudinger, 1859 occur in Europe, the Middle East and southern Africa. This group was revised by Mey (2006), and a total of 1 1 species were recognised. A recent addition was P. peninsulae Mey, 201 1 described from the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (Mey 2011). The disjunctive distribution in three intercontinental ly separated sub-ranges is a remarkable feature of the genus. While the isolation of the South African area from the Palaearctic Region appears to reflect reality, the wide distribution gap between Europe and the Middle East sub-range is probably an artifact due to under-collecting in the intermediate countries. The larvae are leaf miners and twig borers of Daphne spp. and Thymelaea spp. (Thymelaeaceae). Earval host plants of these moths are widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean Region and from West Asia to Japan. On the Balkan Peninsula and in Turkey several species of Daphne are known, which could serve as host plants of Phyllobrostis species, but the genus has not been recorded from those localities until now. Two excursions were conducted by the author to Turkey in search of Phyl- lobrostis, but without any success so far. Nonetheless, since there are no discernible ecological and geographical barriers on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea (southern Europe and northern Africa), the genus could be expected to have a continuous distribution with species occurring at least on the Balkan Peninsula and in Turkey. The discovery of such species was predicted (Mey 2006: p. 141), and it seemed to be only a matter of time until they are found. The herein presented description of a new Phyllobrostis species proves the prediction to be true. Crete is situated in the distributional gap and the record increases the probability of the existence of species in continental Greece as well. 162 Mey : Phyllobrostis minoica sp. n. from Crete (Greece)... Phyllobrostis minoica sp. n. http://zoobank.org/8B85D3AB-FC0E-4304-BD6 1 -3F7898E0A5B4 Material examined. Holotype S, “Hellas, Crete/ Norn. Chania/ 35°21’11”N, 23°54’39”E/ N of Omalos plateau/ at pass, 1 150m/ 7.6.2004/ leg. B. Skule, C. Hviid/ & E. Vesterhede”, coll. ZMUC Copenhagen, Denmark. Paratypes: 1 $, same data as holotype, 1 (7,2 $$,same locality as holotype, but collected on ll.vi.2004, genitalia slide Mey 13/13 (c7) and Mey 3/14 ($), Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. Derivatio nominis. The specific name is derived from “Minos”, legendary king in Crete and the Minoic culture on the island in the 2"^^ millennium B.C., which is considered the cradle of civ- ilization in Europe. Description. The general characters of the new species are in agreement with the diagnosis of the genus (Mey 2006). Only unique and diagnostic characters of the new species are treated and described here. Adult (Fig. 7). Forewing length 3. 5-4. 5 mm, wing span 8. 8-9. 5 mm. Head pale grey, with a yellow shine. Antennae grey, not annulated, thicker in males than in females, flagellomeres with Figures 1-4. Male genitalia of P. minoica sp. n. 1 Lateral view, left side 2 Lateral view, right side 3 Dorsal view 4 Ventral view. Nota Lepi.37(2) 2014: 161-165 163 Figure 5. Female genitalia of P. minoica sp. n., lateral view and ventral view of segments VII and VIII. Figure 6. Male abdomen of P. minoica sp. n. (genitalia slide Mey 13/13). complete annulus of slender scales, very short cilia present at ventro-lateral bases of flagellomeres. Filiform scales present behind scape and eye margin. Labial palpi as long as diameter of eye, slender and straight, two distal segments visible, covered with broad, pale grey scales. Thorax and forewings pale grey, fringes slightly paler, forewing scales with pale tips, hindwing scales of same eolour as forewing scales. Male with one, female with two frenular bristles. Legs pale grey, subapical spurs of hindtibia before middle as seen from femur. Abdomen on upper and underside pale grey, spined terga from segment 111 to IV pale orange-brown. Male genitalia (Figs 1^, 6). Genital segments asymmetrical, sternum VII short, distal margin rounded, slightly protruding in the middle and terminating with a somewhat notched tip. Sternum VIII a membranous layer on the dorsal side of sternum VII, connected laterally with pleural lobes. Pleural lobes large, left one rectangular, rounded, right one bifid, with dorsally and ventrally direct- ed, triangular parts, acute at tips in dorsal and lateral view. Vinculum greatly reduced, fused with saceus anteriorly to form a short, broad process. Saccus attached to phallus, extending anteriorly 164 Mey : Phyllobwstis minoica sp. n. from Crete (Greeee)... Figure 7. Female paratype of P. minoica sp. n. (Scale bar: 2 mm). into segment VI. Teguminal eomplex inside segment VII, consisting of a ring-like structure around anal tube. Phallus tubular, long and acute apically, curved ventrad, comuti absent. Female genitalia (Fig. 5). Segment VII asymmetrical, distal margin on ventral side irregularly excised and sclerotized, with a protruding genital opening at tip of a conical process attached later- ally on the right side to segment VII. Antrum tubular, extending anteriorly to beyond segment VII, narrowed at base, ductus bursae long and somewhat winding, entering elongate and oval bursa at distal apex, signum absent. Ovipositor (segment VIII+IX) telescopic, segment VIII membranous ventrally, with thin, parallel stripes or folds, laterally sclerotized by enlarged, distal ends of apo- physes anteriores (a. a.). Apophyses posteriores twice as long as a.a. and fused apically into a short, sclerotized cone (fused papillae anales) with thin bristles on the ventral side. Remarks. The new species belongs to the P. daphneella group, which is defined by complete loss of the valvae, a rudimentary gnathos and the small labial palpi (Mey 2006). The latter char- acter is somewhat different in P. minoica sp. n. as its labial palpi are longer and clearly visible, but not as large as in the species of the P. eremitella group. External characters of the new species resemble those of P. jedmella Chrétien, 1 907, known from Algeria and Spain. Also, the male genitalia of both species are similar. The main distinguishing traits are the shape of the ventral margin of segment VII, the strongly asymmetric pleural lobes of P. minoica sp. n. and the tergum VII with shorter spiniform setae in P. jedmella. In the female genitalia, the asymmetric segment VII with a protruding cone bearing the distal part of the antrum and the ostium represent a charac- ter observed in the genus for the first time. Unfortunately, the female of P. jedmella is unknown; however, P. minoica sp. n. female can be expected to be similar to it if the two species are indeed close relatives. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 161 165 165 Acknowledgements While visiting the Lepidoptera collection in the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, Ole Karsholt drew my attention to the material of the new species. I am greatly indebted to him and the collectors of the new species, B. Skule, C. Hviid and E. Vesterheide. My thanks go to J. Dunlop who corrected the English text and to L. Kaila, who edited the manuscript. References Chrétien P (1907) Description de nouvelles espèces de Lépidoptères d' Algérie. Bulletin de la Société Ento- mologique de France 18: 305-308. Mey W (2006) Revision of the genus Phyllobrostis Staudinger, 1859 (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, N.F. 53; 114-147. Mey W (2011) Basic pattern of Lepidoptera diversity in southwestern Africa. Esperiana Memoir 6: 1-320. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 167-181 | DPI 10.3897/nl.37.7888 Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the western Alborz Axel Hofmann*, Alireza Naderi^ 1 Corresponding author. Am Hochgestade 5, 76351 Linkenheim-Hochstetten, Germany, hofrnann@abl-freibiirg.de 2 Entomolgy Section, Natural History Museum & Genetic Resources, Department of Environment of Iran, Pardisan Park, Hemat Avenue, Tehran, Iran, a2naderi@yahoo.com http: //zoobank. org/7FD3 7BBF-F89E-469F-83 7 2- 3 A lA 9F238CE4 Received 13 May 2014; accepted 4 November 2014; published: 5 December 2014 Subject Editor: Jadranka Rota Abstract. Two well-defined Zygaena taxa are described from the central Alborz range in Iran and are placed as subspecies of two known Mesembrynus species. Both taxa inhabit biotopes on the northern side of the main Alborz range, areas that are climatically influenced by the Caspian Sea. Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. is represented by the most north-westerly populations of Z. speciosa Reiss, 1937, from Kuh-e Sa- mamus, Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh and from Kuh-e Khash-Chal, all of which are characterized by the absence of melanistic forms, while the nominotypical populations exhibit only melanistic forms. Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. differs from all known populations of Z. tamara by having a different red coloration while the red abdominal cingulum is restricted to one segment. Moreover, consistent differences are found in the larval phenotype although several cross-breedings (Z. tamara tamara Christoph, 1889 x Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n.) were successful. Zusammenfassung. Aus dem zentralen Elbursgebirge/Iran werden zwei außergewöhnliche Zygaena-l^iX^. beschrieben und bereits bekannten Mesembrynus- Axitn subspezifisch zugeordnet. Die Fundorte beider Taxa befinden sich nördlich des Elburs-Hauptkammes; sie sind klimatisch bereits vom Kaspischen Meer beeinflußt. Zu Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. ziehen wir die nordwestlichsten Populationen vom Kuh-e Samamus, vom Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh und vom Kuh-e Khash-Chal. Diese Populationen unterscheiden sich von der Nominatform durch das Fehlen melanistischer Formen. Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. weicht von allen bekannten Z. towara-Population durch eine andere Rotfärbung so wie durch einen stets einfachen, roten Abdominalring ab. Auch im Raupenphänon bestehen konstante Unterschiede; Kreuzungsversuche (Z tamara tamara Christoph, 1889 x Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n.) verliefen jedoch erfolgreich. Introduction Currently the family Zygaenidae is subdivided into four subfamilies (Chaleosiinae, Procridinae, Callizygaeninae, Zygaeninae) of whieh Zygaeninae comprises two Palaearctic {Zygaena, Pryeria Moore, 1877), one Oriental {Epizygaenella Tremewan & Povolny, 1968) and six Afrotropical genera Tremewan, 1959, Epiorna Alberti, 1954, Orna Kirby, 1892, Zutulba Kirby, 1892, Praezygaena Alberti, 1954, Neurosymploca Wallengren, 1858). The most species-rich genus Zy- gaena, with 108 currently recognised species (Hofmann and Tremewan 2010), has its recent cen- tres of high diversity in the western Mediterranean region, Iran and Central Asia. Species of this 168 Hofmann & Naderi : Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabrieius, 1775.... group are found from sea-level up to more than 4500 m in altitude. The highlands of Iran and Central Asia are especially rich in high-mountain endemics. On June 25, 2006, A. Naderi discovered near the top of Kuh-e Samamus (3687 m) south-east of Ramsar (Iran), at an altitude of ca. 3350 m a new and extraordinarily distinct population of Z. speciosa, a high-mountain species that is endemic to Iran. Two weeks later, A. Naderi & A. Hofmann undertook fieldwork at this locality. Before reaching the village of Javaherdeh, which is located at the foot of Kuh-e Samamus, we crossed the Alborz Range via two passes between Qazvin and the Caspian plain betweenl 3.-1 5.7.2006, the road consisting partly of a very bad gravel road. North-east of Hir we collected near Gardaneh-ye Ambarkesh (2500 m), further north in the vicinity of Tamol and then in the vicinity of Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (3100 m). At all of these localities we found another taxon that could not be referred to any known species at that time. The colour reminded us of Z. tamara, but the abdominal cingulum was present only on one segment, a character that is consistently different in all populations of Z. tamara, independently of whether they are red/red, red/yellow or yellow/yellow (Naumann 1987: 210, fig. 9, Hofmann and Tremewan 2001). Zygaena tamara Christoph, 1889, is a widely distributed, polymorphic and polytypic bumet moth occurring in western Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, eastern Turkey and northern Iraq (Naumann 1987: 211, fig. 10). In the Alborz range the species is uncommon and its range obviously does not extend further east than the vicinity of Semnan. In the central Alborz no populations are recorded from the north side of the main mountain chain which is influenced by the Caspian climate. Based on its recent distribution, Naumann (1987: 207) characterised Z. tamara as an Irano-eremic faunal element. Methods More general introductions of the topic for a whole series of papers can be found in Hofmann (2000a) and Hofmann and Kia-Hofmann (2008). The results recorded in the present paper are based on fieldwork in Iran, successfully reared ab-ovo cultures (in Germany; Hofmann and Kia- Hofmann 2008, 2011) and genitalia dissections. Using the standard method of preparation (Rob- inson 1976), the genitalia were examined, embedded in Euparal on permanent microscopic slides and photographed with a digital stereo-microscope (G. Tarmann, Innsbruck, Austria). Dissected specimens with slides are deposited in CAHO. The terminology of the genitalia structures follows that of Alberti (1958: 263-268); for the terminology of the forewing pattern see Alberti (1958: 258), Tremewan (1985: 102) and Hofmann (2003: 53). Abbreviations CAHO Collection Axel Hofmann, Linkenheim-Hochstetten, Germany. CWGT Collection W. Gerald Tremewan, Truro, Great Britain. CV used for chronological reference of cultures in captivity; it means “Copula- Versuch” or beginning of ‘curriculum vitae’, e.g. CV070604 began with a copula on 4 June 2007. HMIM Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum, Tehran, Iran. SMNK Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 167-181 169 Table 1. List of localities in Iran. Zygaena speeiosa oseyii ssp. n. Prov. Gilan, Kuh-e Samamus, Javaherdeh 20 km SSW. 3350 -3400 m 36°50.92T1 50°23.66'E Zygaena speeiosa oseyii ssp. n. Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW., Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Zarout) 3270- 3350 m 36°41.76T1 50°29.77'E Zygaena speeiosa oseyii ssp. n. Prov. Qazvin NE., Mo’allem Kalayeh, vie., Kuh-e Khash-Chal 3390-3430 m 36°32.53T4 50°30.31'E Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. Prov. Qazvin, Hir NE., Gardaneh-ye Anbarkesh, N. side 2780-2900 m 36°37.46'N 50°21.34'E Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW., Tamol vie. 2250-2400 m 36°38.87T4 50°25.71'E Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW., Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Zarout) N. 2800-3000 m 36°41.35'N 50°31.96'E The high-mountain Mesembrynus-sißQziQS of the Alborz Range (Iran) Traditionally the genus Zygaena comprises three subgenera, Agrumenia Hübner, [1819], Zygaena, and Mesembrynus Hübner, [1819], but only the last subgenus appears to be a well-defined monophylum based on molecular data (Niehuis et al. 2007). In contrast to the other two paraphyletic subgenera, the larvae of Mesembrynus live on acyanogenic plants, mainly Apiaceae (only a few species secondarily switched to Lamiaceae and Asteraceae). Naumann (2000) and Hofmann (2000) have provided detailed information on the rediscovery (the latter author also on the biology) of Zygaena caeuminum Christoph, 1877, in the Shah-Kuh region, while Hofmann and Kia-Hofmann (2008) have described the bionomics and distribution of Z. speeiosa Reiss, 1937, both of these taxa being closely related, endemic Iranian species that are restricted to the oreal biome of the Alborz Range where Z. caeuminum inhabits cushion zone biotopes in the eastern Alborz, while Z. speeiosa has been recorded only from the central part. As each species was known only from a single locality before 2001 (Hofmann and Kia-Hofmann 2008: 35), both were regarded at that time as unilocal and monotypic. However, Hofmann and Kia- Hofmann (2008) recorded new locality data and were able to show that neither of these species is restricted to a single site. Zygaena speeiosa and Z. caeuminum are geographically well separated, a wide gap of ca. 250 km existing between Shah-Kuh and the Kuh-e Damavand. Phenotypically, Z. caeuminum is distinguished by having on the forewings a quadrangular spot 4, a well-developed spot 6 and especially by the lack of melanistic tendencies on the hindwings. Hitherto, both high-mountain species were considered to be monotypic and represented only by populations consisting of very similar phenotypes. On several expeditions to the central and western Alborz in 2006 and 20 1 0 the authors had the opportunity to accrue new data on the tamara-\\\iQ populations and also on Z. speeiosa; those on the latter were partly incorporated in an earlier publication (Hofmann and Kia-Hofmann 2008). Of great taxonomic and zoogeographical interest are these most westerly populations, as they show that Z. speeiosa actually is a polytypic species with a second subrange which is inhabited by purely non-melanistic populations. 170 Hofmann & Naderi : Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabrieius, 1775.... Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 167-181 171 Zygaena speciosa Reiss, 1937 Figs 1-39 Remarks. Described from the Alam-Kuh region, the melanistic form (Z. speciosa speciosa) is currently known from seven localities between Kuh-e Demavand in the east and Alam Kuh in the west, while non-melanistic populations were unknown until now and are here recorded for the first time from three localities located between Mo’allem Kalayeh (Qazvin NE.) and Kuh-e Samamus. Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n. Figs 10-29, 33-35, 38, 39 Material. Holotype S, 28 mm wingspan, “Iran, Prov. Gilan, Kuh-e Samamus, Javaherdeh 20 km SSW, 3350-3400 m, 30.6.2006, leg. A. Hofmann & A. Naderi”, [36°50,92‘ N, 50°23,66’E], coll. A. Hofmann (to be deposited in SMNK). Para- types: 1 (5', 2 Ç, same data as holotype, coll. A. Hofmann; same locality as holotype: 35 c5', 18 $, 15.vii. 2006, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann; 1 S, coll. J. Mooser; 1 S, coll. A. Floriani; 7 c5', 3 $, coll. T. Keil; 4 c5', 1 $, leg. larvae, e.p.: 30.vi.-10.vii.2006 leg. et cult. A. Hofmann, coll. A. Hofmann; 3 (5', 2 $, 25.vi. 2006, leg. A. Naderi, coll. A. Hofmann; 8 S, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 16 (3', 3 Ç, 3.viii.2007, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 3 (3, 1 ?, coll. A. Hofmann; 7 (3, 1 Ç, coll. T. Keil; 4 (3, coll. P. Zehzad (to be deposited in HMIM). Other material: Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Zarout), 3270-3350 m, [36°41,76’N, 50°29,77’E], 17 (3, 2 $, I4.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann & A. Naderi, coll. A. Hofmann; 3 (3, ibidem, coll. T. Keil; 2 (3, ibidem, 10.vii.2007, leg. A. Naderi, coll. T. Keil; 5 (3, 2 $, ibidem, 13. u. 14.vii.2010, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann; this locality is about 20 km southeast of Kuh-e Samamus. Iran, Prov. Qazvin NE, Mo’allem Kalayeh vie., Kuh-e Khash-Chal, 3390-3430 m, [36°32,53’N, 50°30,31’E], 11 (3, 1 $, 15.vii.2010, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann; 11 (3, 10 $, ibidem, 3550-3700 m, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann; this locality is about 35 km southeast of Kuh-e Samamus. Figs 1-21. Zygaena speciosa speciosa Reiss, 1937. 1, 2. (3, “Iran, Prov. Tehran, | Fasham NE, Gardaneh | Yonza S, 3200-3750| m, I9.7.20I0, [41/10] | leg. A. Hofmann”. 3. $, same data. 4. c3, “N. IRAN, Alborz Mts Prov. Mazandaran | Alam Koh, Hezar-chal | 36°21’N 50°59’E | 3700 m | 28 vii 1997 | leg. Naumann, Nr. 2376”. 5. (3, red label, “Cotype <3, suleimanicola Reiß 1937 [handwritten], H. Reiss”, white label, “Persia sept. 1 Elburs mts.c.s. | Tacht i Suleiman | Särdab Tal | (Hecercam) | 4200 m 20.7.37 | E. PfeilTer & W.Forster | München leg.”. 6. (3, red label, “Cotype c3, speciosa Reiß 1936 [handwritten], H. Reiss”, white label, “Persia s. I Elburs mts.s. | Tacht i Suleiman | Hecarcal-Tal | 28-3200m 3-7. VII 36 | E. Pfeiffer- München leg.”, white label, “2.2.1955 | von Güner | zum 40. Geb. | coll. A. Hofmann”. 7. $, “IRAN, Tehran | Tehran N, Kuh-e Tochal I S-Seite, 3600-3800 m | 3. u. 4.8.2005, [68/05] | T. & A. Hofmann leg. | $ legt Eier [handwritten]“. 8. $, “IRAN, Tehran ] Tehran N, Kuh-e Tochal |3600-3800 m j 28.6.2006, [15/06] | T. & A. Hofmann leg. larva | e.p. : 12.7.2006“. 9. $, “IRAN, Tehran | Tehran N, Kuh-e Tochal | S-Seite, 3600-3800 m | 4.8.2006, [45/06] I A. Hofmann leg.“. 10-21. Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n., 10. Holotype, (3, (CAHO). 11,12. Para- types, c3, “ Iran, Prov. Gilan | Kuh-e Samamus, Javaherdeh | 20 km SSW, 335 -3400 m 1 15.7.2006, [31/06] | A. Hofmann leg.“. 13-15. Paratypes, $, same data. 16, 17. (3, “ Iran, Prov. | Mazandaran, Toneka- 1 bon SW, Gardaneh-ye | Tondrokosh (Zarout), | 3270-3350 m, 13.- | 14.7.2010, [38/10] | leg. A. Hofmann“. 18. $, “IRAN, Mazandaran | Tonekabon SW, Gardaneh-ye | Tondrokosh (Zarout), 3270- | 3350 m, 14.7. 2006, [29/06] I A. Hofmann & A. Naderi leg.“. 19. (3, “ Iran, Prov. Qazvin | NE, Mo’allem Kalayeh | vie., Kuh-e Khash-Chal 1 3390-3430 m | 15.7.2010, [39/10] | leg. A. Hofmann“. 20. (3, same data, but 3550-3700 m. 21. $, same data. All specimen CAHO. 172 Hofmann & Naderi ; Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775.... Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014; 167-181 173 Etymology. Dedicated to Abbas Oseyi (Karaj), who accompanied the second author when dis- covering the first population at Kuh-e Samamus. Description. A group of strictly non-melanistic populations. Black ground colour of forewings with greenish sheen, more greyish and more translucent in females. Hindwings with black border of medium width, stronger at apex and with a double-tooth in the beginning of anal field at the tor- nus, but never invading the discal area. Forewing spots 1+2, 3+4 and 5 well developed and always present, spots l+2+2a forming the basal blotch, with spot 2 elongate, longer than spot 1, while spot 2a is vestigial. Spot 3 small, ovoid, spot 4 larger, quadrangular; both spots always separated by the cubitus stem vein. Spot 5 of similar size and form as spot 4, but standing more vertically, isolated from spot 6. The latter (spot 6) more variable: it can be absent in both sexes (20%), but more frequently in the males, it can be vestigial and reduced to a few scales (25%), or well devel- oped as a normal spot in the costal part (25%), or reniform, the upper part then smaller (30%). Red patagia and red abdominal cingulum present on one segment, well developed in females, reduced or vestigial in males. The abdominal cingulum can even be absent or reduced to only a few red lateral scales (20%). Remarks. Specimens from two other populations that are not from the type-locality are well separated geographically and differ slightly from the type-series; while they can be assigned to oseyii subsp. n., they are not included in the type-series. Diagnosis. In specimens from Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Figs 13-18), spot 6 is always present and larger, the black ground colour of the males is more bluish and the hindwing border is narrower with a very weak expansion at the apex. In specimens from Kuh-e Khash-Chal (Figs 19-21), spots 5 and 6 are mostly closer together and occasionally they are even connected to each other. Otherwise both populations look similar to Z. speciosa oseyii ssp. n. from the type-locality (Figs 10-12). The difference between oseyii ssp. n. (Figs 10-21) and the nominotypical subspecies from the type-locality in the Alam-Kuh region (Figs 4-6) is extraordinarily strong. In contrast to the nominotypical population from Hezarchal (and from those from Dizin-Shemshak and from Kuh-e Tochal), the more north-westerly located populations (Figs 10-21) from between Kuh-e Khash- Chal and Kuh-e Samamus do not exhibit a tendency for melanism. The hindwings are red with a variable broad border and are never darkened, while the border never forms a “tooth” along the Figs 22-29. Zygaena speciosa oseyii ssp. n., habitats, bionomics. 22. Bolder scree habitat (foreground) near Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh with view to type-locality (arrow) at Kuh-e Samamus around 20 km as the crow flies north-west. Note the clouds coming up from the Caspian Sea and reaching the northern slopes of the higher Alborz Mountain Chains. 23. Female moth nectaring on high-mountain composite Jurinella frigida (Boiss.) Wagenitz (Compositae) (Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh, 14. VII. 20 10). 24. On Thymus sp. (Lamiaceae) (Gar- daneh-ye Tondrokosh, 14.VII.2010). 25. Valeriana sisymbrifolia Kabath (Valerianaceae) was the only nectar plant noted at Kuh-e Khash-Chal, 3390-3700 m, 15.VII.2010. 26. Cushion zone at Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh, habitat of Z. speciosa and a high-mountain population of Z. carnioUca. 27. Foggy weather conditions during the flight period of Z. speciosa oseyii ssp. n. at its most eastern habitat at Kuh-e Khash-Chal, 3390-3700 m, 15.VII.2010. 28. Ovipositing female (arrow) on larval host-plant {Semenovia tragioides (Boiss.) Manden, Apiaceae) at Kuh-e Khash-Chal, 3390-3700 m, 15.VII.2010. 29. Cocoon with exuviae on the underside of limestone beside the flowering host-plant {S. tragioides), Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh, 14.VII.2010). 174 Hofmann & Naderi : Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775.... Figs 30-39. Diagnostic characters of male genitalia of Zygaena speciosa speciosa (30-32, 36, 37) and Z. speciosa oseyii ssp. n. (33-35, 38, 39). 30, 33. Uncus-tegumen complex. 31, 34. Lamina dorsalis. 32, 35. Lamina ventralis. 36, 38. Valva with vinculum and saccus. 37, 39. Phallus (Aedoeagus sensu Alberti, 1958) with comuti. anal vein. Spot 6 is either strongly reduced or predominantly completely missing in Z. speciosa speciosa, while it is predominantly present or at least vestigial in Z. speciosa oseyii ssp. n. Not a single specimen from all of these three new localities can be confused with specimens from Alam Kuh, Dizin-Shemshak or from Kuh-e Tochal, nor can any single specimen from these localities be incorporated into the series of oseyii ssp. n. The localities of the most easterly population of oseyii ssp. n. (Kuh-e Khash-Chal) and Z. speciosa speciosa are less than 40 km from each other as the crow flies and, surprisingly, the population nearest to the Alam-Kuh population even exhibits the most reddish forms of all three known populations. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 167-181 175 Genitalia. Differences in genitalia structures within species-groups of Zygaena (Hofmann and Tremewan 2010) are often poor, especially in the manlia-group, and significant characters for separating closely related taxa are obviously lacking (Hofmann and Keil 2011: 244-245), which is why fertile hybrid-crossings in captivity were relatively easily to obtain (Hofmann 2000b, Hof- mann and Kia-Hofmann 2010). We found slight differences in the uncus and lamina dorsalis of the male genitalia between Z. speciosa speciosa (Figs 30-32, 36, 37) and Z. speciosa oseyii ssp. n. (Figs 33-35, 38, 39), but we do not interpret them as prezygotic mechanisms of isolation. The uncus of the nominotypical subspecies is more cone-shaped, attenuated at the end (compare Figs 30 and 33), while the lamina dorsalis is broadest at the middle part and becomes narrower toward the base (compare Figs 31 and 34), in contrast to Z. speciosa oseyii ssp. n. in which this structure is more pyramidal-like, broadest at its base. However, there may be variation in these structures and even if dissections of a series would confirm these as constant characters, they would nevertheless not prevent successful pairings, but may reflect strict isolation with diverse developments in the post-glacial period. Furthermore, if one takes the 100% separation in phenotype into account, a clear tendency for species-specific differentiation on the way to distinct biospecies becomes obvious. Bionomics. Detailed data on the bionomics with figures of larvae, host-plants and biotopes, to- gether with a distribution map that includes the populations of Z. speciosa oseyii ssp. n., have been provided by Hofmann and Kia-Hofmann (2008: 25^9). At all three localities, Z. speciosa oseyii ssp. n. is syntopic with Z. carniolica. Distribution. In addition to the type-locality, Z. speciosa oseyii ssp. n. is known from two fur- ther sites, both of which are located further east of the Kuh-e Samamus (Fig. 22). All three sites are situated at altitudes between 3270 and 3700 m. A gap of ca. 40 km between ssp. oseyii and ssp. speciosa remains unexplored. Further prospecting, especially in the Kuh-e Sialan region, will show that either there is a transitional zone with mixed populations or a sharp divide between the melanistic and ‘normal’ forms. Zygaena tamara Christoph, 1889 Figs 40-72 Remarks. The pure red populations of the Kendevan region have been described as ssp. kendevan- ica Tremewan, 1977, and populations with the same phenotype are found further south-west to Zanjan (Figs 49-54). Similar pure red populations occur in the Van Gölü region in eastern Turkey placida Bang-Haas, 1913), while the Zagros range, the Iranian Talysh and Azerbaijan-e Shar- qi are predominantly inhabited by populations with mixed characters of yellow forewings and red hindwings (Figs 43^5) or yellow fore- and hindwings (Figs 40^2, 46-48). A unique character that distinguishes all of these populations of Z. tamara from all other Mesembrynus species is the red abdominal cingulum that is present on two to three segments in the females and on three seg- ments in the males (Figs 40-54, 63), a character that is in strong contrast to the newly discovered populations from the northern side of the Alborz range, which we here describe as Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. 176 Hofmann & Naderi : Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775.... Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 167-181 177 Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. Figs 55-63, 64-70, 72 Material. Holotype S, 31 mm wingspan, “Iran, Prov. Qazvin, Hir NE, Gardaneh-ye Anbarkesh, N-Seite, 2780-2900 m, 13.7.2006, leg. A. Hofmann & A. Naderi”, [36°37,46’N, 50°21,34E], coll. A. Hofmann (to be deposited later in SMNK). Paratypes, same data as holotype: 7 (5', 4 $, eoll. A. Hofmann; 2 S, coll. T. Keil; 3 c5', 1 $, leg. et coll. A. Naderi. Same lo- cality as holotype: 3 S, 18.vii.2007, leg. T. & C. Keil, coll. T. Keil. Same locality as holotype, FI, ab ovo, coll. A. Hofmann: 13 (S', 15 $, e. p.: 26.iv.-29.v.2007; 19 (S', 21 $, e. p.: 22.iv.-15.vii.2008; 4 (S', 2 $, e. p.: 27.v.-ll.vi.2009. Ibidem, F2: 3 (S', 7 $ (ex CV070523), e. p.: 3.v.-23.vi.2008; 2 (S', 3 $ (ex CV070523), e. p.: 3.-14.vi.2009; 1 (S', 1 $ (ex CV08053,2), e. p.: 27.-30.V.2009. Ibidem, F3; 2 (S', 3 $ (ex CV080503,!), e. p.: 29.v.-28.vi.2009. 10 (S', 8 $, “Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Tamol vie., 2250-2400 m, 14.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann & A. Naderi”, [36°38,87’N, 50°25,71 ’E], coll. A. Hofmann; 2 (S', coll. T. Keil; 3 (S', 1 $, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 24 (S', 6 Ç, 18.vii.2007, leg. T. & C. Keil, coll. T. Keil; 3 (S', leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 4 (S', 4 $, 13.vii.2010, leg. et coll. A. Hofmann. Ibidem, FI, ab ovo, coll. A. Hofmann: 15 (S', 28 $, e. p.: 22.V.-30.V.2007; 2 (S', 3 $, e. p.: 15.-24.V.2008; 8 (S', 9 $, F2 (ex CV070522,2), e. p.: 30.iv.-15.vii.2008. Ibidem, F2: 2 (S', 6 Ç (ex CV070522,2), e. p.: 2.-19.vi.2009; 3 (S', 4 Ç (ex CV070524), e. p.: 4.V.-1 l.v.2008; 6 (S', 5 ? (ex CV070524), e. p.: l.-ll.vi.2009. 2 $, “Iran, Prov. Mazandaran, Tonekabon SW, Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh (Zarout) N, 2800-3000 m, 14.vii.2006, leg. A. Hofmann & A. Naderi”, [36°41,35‘N, 50°31,96’E], coll. A. Hofmann; 3 (S', coll. T. Keil; 5 (S', 2 Ç, leg. et coll. A. Naderi; 1 (S', coll. P. Zehzad; 3 $, 14.vii.2010, leg. et. coll. A. Hofmann. Paratypes will be deposited in HMIM, CWGT. Etymology. Dailam (persianl-^c^J^ is the historical name of the mountain region on the south- west side of the Caspian Sea. Because of its mountain location Dailam was for a long time pro- tected from the attacks of invading Arabs, its inhabitants much later being converted to Islam. The centre was the Assassin fortress of Alamut, a castle at 2 1 00 m altitude that was regarded as impregnable, but was destroyed in 1275 by the Mongols. Figs 40-60. Zygaena tamara. 40-42. Z. tamara zuleiqa Naumann & Naumann, 1980. 40. S, “Hakkäri | 1300-2100 m I (Hakkäri ) - Turquie | 11 août 1992 | Bernard MOLLET”. 41. S, “Türkei, SE Hakkari, Cilo | Dag, Dez-Tal, 1800- j 2500 m, 15. VII. 2002 | leg. ten Hagen”. 42. $, same data. 43-45. Z. tamara maha- badica Reiss, 1978. 43, 44. S, “IRAN, Kurdestan | Sanandaj NW, Saqqez - | Baneh (pass) 1950- 2100 m | 5.7.2005 [51/05] | A. Hofmann & B. Mollet leg.”. 45. $, same data. 46 ^8. Z. tamara fahima Naumann & Naumann, 1980. 46, 47. S, “Iran | Prov. Esfahan, Ferey- 1 dun Shahr S, Sibak SE | Kuh-e Sibak, 2700-3000 I m, 13.6. 2010, [23/10] | leg. A. Hofmann”. 48. $, same data. 49-54. Z. tamara kendevanica Tremewan, 1977. 49. c^, ‘TRAN | Zanjan- | Gilvan | 1, Paß ca. 1 km N | Garovol Dag | 2400-2500 m | 3.-4.7.1999 | A. Hofmann & J.U. Meineke leg.”. 50, 51. c5', “IRAN Fl, e.o. | Zanjan-Gilvan | Gargovol Dag, 1, Paß, ca. 1 km N I des Passes, 2400-2500 m e.p. : | 23.4.-3.5.2002 | A. Hofmann cult.”. 52 - 57. $, same data. 55-60. Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n.. 55. Holotype, S, “IRAN, Qazvin | Hir NE, Gardaneh-ye | Ambarkesh, N-Seite, 2780- I 2900 m, 13.7. 2006, [16/06] | A. Hofmann & A. Naderi leg.”. 56. Paratype, S, “IRAN, Mazandaran I Tonekabon SW, Tamol vie. | 2250-2400 m | 14.7. 2006 [28/06], A. Hofmann & A. Naderi leg.”. 57. Para- type, $, same data. 58. Paratype, S, “IRAN e.o. | Prov. Qazvin Hir NE | Gardaneh-ye Ambarkesh | N-Seite, 2780-2900 m | [26/06], e.p. : 26.4. - 29.5.2007 | T. & A. Hofmann cult.”. 59. Paratype, $, “Iran, Prov. | Mazandaran Tone- 1 kabon SW, Tamol vie. | 2250-2400 m | 13.7. 2010 [37/10], leg. A. Hofmann ”. 60. Para- type, $, “IRAN e.o. I Prov. Mazandaran, | Tonekabon SW, Tamol vie. | 2300 m, [28/06] | e.p. : 15.-24.5.2008 I T. & A. Hofmann cult.”. 178 Hofmann & Naderi : Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775.... Figs 61-72. Zygaena tamara andZ. tamara dailamica ssp. n., habitats, bionomics. 61. Treeless, high-moun- tain steppe habitat above Tamol (13.vii. 2010), dominated by cushions, thorny and spiny vegetation and grasses. 62. Copula of Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. on Acantholimon cushion (Plumbaginaceae) (Gardaneh-ye Tondrokosh, 13.vii.2010); note the single red abdominal cingulum. 62. Zygaena tamara mahabadica, e.o., e.p. 29.V.2009; note the red abdominal cingulum over three segments. 64-68. Final instar larva (lateral, dor- sal, ventral views) of Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. (1.-12.V.2009, Gardaneh-ye Ambarkesh). 69. Comparison of fully-grown larvae of Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. (above) from type-locality and Z. tamara mahabadica (Iran, Kurdestan, Baneh vie.) (below). 70. Cocoons with exuviae of Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. 71. Cocoons with exuviae of Z. tamara mahabadica (Iran, Kurdestan, Baneh vie.). 72. Comparison of exuviae of Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. (dark brown) from type-locality and Z. tamara mahabadica (Iran, Kurdestan, Baneh vie.) (light brown). Nota Lepi. 37(2)2014: 167-181 179 Description. Black ground colour with greenish or greyish sheen. Coloration of forewing spots warm red but without a tendency to orange. Hindwings less densely scaled, slightly translucent. Spots l+2+2a forming a large basal blotch that is always well separated from the spot pair 3+4. Spot 3 smaller than spot 5, conneeted to the largest spot (spot 4). Spot 5 quadrangular, attached to spot 6, in the majority with a groove in the upper part, occasionally isolated, especially in the males. Spot 6 large, pear-shaped when separated from spot 5. Spot 6 completely absent in one female. Hindwings with a narrow greyish black border that can be broadened slightly at the apex. Red patagia and red abdominal belt always present on one segment, the latter closed ventrally. Tegulae consistently black in males, in females sometimes mixed with a few red scales. Legs greyish white in both sexes. Diagnosis. Imago: From all other populations of Z. tamara the new subspecies is well separated by the one-segmented red cingulum on the abdomen (Fig. 62). Moreover, the red coloration is cold- er, less orange than in the red populations of Z. tamara (Z. tamara placida, Z. tamara kendevanica). The distance between the spot pairs l+2+2a and 3+4 of these subspecies is broader than that in Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n., thus forming a broad black band of ground colour. Preimaginal stages: Already the LI larva is darker than larvae of Z. tamara from other loeal- ities. This is even more obvious in the diapausing stage. Post-diapause larvae and fully-grown larvae exhibit a more dirty-yellow ground colour with more brownish grey-yellow on the ver- rucae. While the fully-grown larvae of Z. tamara are nearly unicolorous without contrasting elements, those of dailamica ssp. n. are much more strongly marked with the anterior dorsal spots (ADS) well developed and the yellow dorso-subdorsal spots well visible and present on 10 segments (Figs 64-69). Moreover, constant differences exist in the selerotization of the pu- pae and even in the eoloration of the cocoon (Figs 70-72). The exuviae of dailamica ssp. n. are dark brown, in contrast to the light- to mid-brown coloration in all other known populations of Z. tamara. The coloration of the cocoon is consistently slightly darker, less yellowish but light white-brownish with a tinge of green. Cocoons of Z. tamara from Zanjan, Baneh (Kurdestan), Golujeh (Azerbaijan-e Sharqi) or from Dorud (Lorestan) are light yellow to white (Fig. 71). Bionomics. All habitats of Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. are treeless slopes with a combination of arboreal, oreal and eremic vegetation, e.g. Securigera varia (L.) Lassen (Fabaceae) is found in the immediate vieinity of Onobrychis cornuta (L.) Desv. (Fabaceae), Eryngium billardieri Delar. (Apiaceae), Astragalus {Tragacanthus) (Fabaceae) cushions and yellow-flowering Phlomis (Lamiaeeae), typical for the narrow transitional zone between the humid Hyrcanian and the more arid eremic regions. At the first locality (Gardaneh Anbarkesh), Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. is syntopic with Z. cambysea Lederer, 1870, while at the more northerly sites it is syntopic with Z. haberhaueri Lederer, 1870. In the more humid valley that lies between the two mountain ranges, where there is intensive agriculture, plenty of orchards and many villages, only Z. loti (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) and Z. dorycnii Oehsenheimer, 1 808, were found; just 1 00-200 m higher up, the vegetation changes rapidly and becomes much drier and is partly grazed intensively by goats and sheep. These are the biotopes where, in the vicinity of Tamol, Z. tamara dailamica ssp. n. and Z. haberhaueri were aceompanied by these two speeies, a faunistic combination that is atypical for Z. tamara. In its biotopes, Z. tamara is usually accompanied by species typieal of the Zagros arid climate, e.g. Z. turkmenica Reiss, 1933, Z. escalerai Poujade, 1900, Z. rosinae Korb, 1903, Z. eambysea. The sympatry in the vieinity of Tamol represents a faunistic mixture comprising two species that are typical for the northern side of the Alborz Range (Z. doryenii, Z. loti), while the latter species does not even eross the Alborz main chain to the south. 180 Hofmann & Naderi : Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775.... After 10.00 h, moths were observed nectaring at the pinkish flowers of Salvia, but preferred to sit on the flower heads of some Dipsacaceae, viz. a white and bluish Scabiosa sp. and a tall white-flowered Cephalaria sp. Several copulae were found sitting on dry stems or on the flowers of scabious during the afternoon after 15.00 h, rarely on cushions of an Acanthophylum sp. Distribution. Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. was found only at altitudes between 2250- 3000 m. Its distribution is restricted to the central Alborz range between north of Qazvin and south of Tonekabon and extends over two north-westerly/south-easterly ranging mountain chains with a valley of 1700-1900 m in between. In its most northerly sites Zygaena tamara dailamica ssp. n. inhabits slopes that are open to the Caspian Sea. Acknowledgements We thank Prof. Dr Gerhard Tarmann and Dr W. Gerald Tremewan for help and fruitful discussions; more- over, the latter kindly improved an earlier draft of this manuscript. Host-plants and nectar plants were kindly determined by Dr Amirhossein Pahlevani (Bayreuth). Dr Tabassom Kia-Hofmann helped with the cultures and paid careful attention to the feeding larvae when the first author was away on expedition. For compan- ionship and patience during the quite difficult tours to Kuh-e Samamus and over the passes between Qazvin and Tonekabon we thank our Iranian friends Messrs Mustafah Selahi, Hamid Mohareri, Abbas Oseyi and Ali Mohajeran. The peer reviewers and the editor are thanked for valuable advice which essentially improved the manuscript. References (see Hofmann & Tremewan, 2001: 133-136, Hofmann & Kia-Hofmann, 2008: 51, 52) Alberti B (1958) Über den stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der Gattung Zygaena F. und ihrer Vorstufen (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 34: 245-396. doi: 10.1002/ mmnz. 1 9580340203 Hofmann A (2000a) Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 in Iran (Lepidop- tera, Zygaenidae. Part IV: Zygaena haematina (addendum), Z. cacuminum. Linneana Belgica (Wetteren) 27(8) : 339-347. Hofmann A (2000b) Rearing experiencies and hybridization experiments in the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae). Abstracts of the VII International Symposium on Zygaenidae, Inns- bruck, 4-8 September, 12-13. Hofmann A (2003) Zygaena {Zygaena) ephialtes (Linnaeus, 1767) im südlichen Balkan nebst Anmerkungen zur Entstehung von Polymorphismus sowie melanistischer Zygaena-V ormen im Mittelmeerraum (Lepido- ptera: Zygaenidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 113(2): 50-54, 75-86, 108-120. Hofmann A, Kia-Hofmann T (2008) Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 in Iran (Zygaenidae). Part VIII: Bionomics of high-mountain species in the Alborz Mountains and adjacent areas (introduction; Z. speciosa, Z. cacuminum). Nota lepidopterologica 31: 25-52. Hofmann A, Kia-Hofmann T (2010) Experiments and observations on the pheromone attraction and mating in bumet moths {Zygaena Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 83-93. Hofmann A, Kia-Hofmann T (2011) Ovipositing, egg-batch formation and embryonic development in bumet moths {Zygaena Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Entomologist’s Gazette 62: 35-68. Hofmann A, Keil T (2011) Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 in Iran (Zygaenidae). Part IX: On two newly discovered Mesembrynus taxa from the central and southern Zagros range. Nota lepidopterologica 33: 233-248. Hofmann A, Tremewan WG (1996) A Systematic Catalogue of the Zygaeninae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Harley Books, Colchester, Essex, 25 1 pp. Nota Lepi. 37(2)2014: 167-181 181 Hofmann A, Tremewan WG (2001) Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae. Part V; Zygaena tamara. Linneana Belgica (Wetteren) 27(3): 125-136. Hofmann A Tremewan WG (2010) A revised cheek-list of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept. Entomologist’s Gazette 61: 119-131. Naumann CM (1987) Distribution patterns of Zygaena moths in the Near and Middle East (Insecta, Eepidoptera, Zygaenidae). In: Krupp F, Schneider W, Kinzelbach R (Eds) Proceedings of the Symposium on the Fauna and Zoogeography of the Middle East. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (A) 28: 200-212. Naumann CM (2000) Shahkuh - ein Traum wird wahr. Entomologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart 110: 203-211. Niehuis O, Hofmann A, Naumann CM, Misof B (2007) Evolutionary history of the bumet moth genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Eepidoptera: Zygaenidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data: phytog- eny, host-plant association, wing pattern evolution and historical biogeography. Biological Journal of the Einnean Society 92: 501-520. doi: 1 0. 1 1 1 1/j. 1 095-83 12.2007.00858.x Reiss H (1937a) Neues über die Zygaenenfauna des Elbursgebirges und ihre Beziehungen zu den Faunen Nordafrikas und der Pyrenäenhalbinsel. Entomologische Rundschau (Stuttgart) 54: 452^56, 466-469. Reiss H (1937b) Neues über die Zygaenenfauna des Elbursgebirges und ihre Beziehungen zu den Faunen Nordafrikas und der Pyrenäen-Halbinsel - Nachtrag. Entomologische Rundschau (Stuttgart) 55: 18-19, 30-32, 40^2. Reiss H (1938) Weiterer Ausschnitt über die Zygaenen-Fauna des Elbursgebirges. Mitteilungen der Münchener entomologischen Gesellschaft 27(1937): 164-169. Robinson GS (1976) The preparation of slides of Eepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the Microlepi- doptera. Entomologist’s Gazette 27: 127-132. Tremewan WG (1985) Zygaenidae. In: Heath J, Emmet AM (Eds) The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Colchester 2: 74-123. Nota Lepi. 37(2) 2014: 183-184 | DPI 10.3897/nl.37.8444 Book Review: The Afrotropical Scythrididae, Esperiana Memoir 7 David Agassiz* 1 Dept of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD Received 19 August 2014; accepted 11 September 2014; published: 5 December 2014 Subject Editor: Jadranka Rota Bengt Â. Bengtsson 2014: The Afrotropical Scythrididae, Esperiana Buchreihe zur Entomologie Memoir 7: 1-365. ISBN: 978-3-938249-05-5. Price: €125. This book comes nicely bound, of a convenient size, with an ample supply of colour pages like others in the Esperiana Memoir series. The abstract details nine new synonymies and mentions that 191 new species are described out of the 307 treated. There is a brief introduction to the family Seythrididae and an aecount of previous treatments of the family from the Afrotropical Region. All the localities taken from data labels of specimens examined are listed together with their longitude and latitude coordinates. There follows a section on Systematic aspects of the family and a list of genera with synonyms; no new genera are pro- posed. There is then a “Tentative systematie list” giving the names of all species to be treated in this work, these eomprise six smaller genera: Apostibes, Bactrianoscythris, Enolmis, Eretmocera, Haploscythris and Paralogistis. Then the genus Scythris is divided into 1 8 species groups, after which are “Isolated species” which could not be grouped together with other species. The bulk of the text then follows, comprising a description or redescription of each of the species, followed by a few photographs of localities and 23 pages of colour photographs of the adult speci- mens, and two of larvae. There are then 45 pages of monochrome photographs of male genitalia and 47 pages of female genitalia. The species are all given a number and the illustrations are labelled with the same number, ima- gines with suffix -i, male genitalia with suffix -m, female genitalia with suffix -f with an additional suffix when more that one photograph was deemed necessary. This seems to be a sensible and helpful arrangement. Since the male genitalia are so diverse and difficult to interpret parts are la- belled with arrows at times when the parts might be easily confused. All the photographs of adults are presented in a rectangle of the same size; it is easy in this computerised age for this to be done and they fit conveniently into a page. However even though a seale bar is included one does lose the sense of whether a species is a large or small one and I personally would prefer to have them reproduced at a eonstant scale. The author has chosen type material to illustrate specimens whenever possible and this must be commended, and in the text the location of the holotype is specified. Since I was asked to check the English I have to accept responsibility and not blame the author for one recurring error: the derivation of each new name is given under the heading “Ethymology” which of course should read Etymology. No doubt a professional entomologist with more resources at his disposal would have had re- course to analysis of the DNA of some genera and species so that a robust structure for the family could be attempted. He would no doubt have examined other collections such as those at Tervuren 184 Agassiz : Book Review: The Afrotropical Scythrididae, Esperiana Memoir 7. and elsewhere which was not attempted by this author. This work was compiled by a retired teach- er who has also undertaken other works during the same decade. Scythrididae are not a group of great economic importance. Zhang B-C. (1994) in his Index of Economically Important Lepidop- tera listed only two species of Scythrididae which had been mentioned in the economic literature, and both of them were from Asia. This means it is never likely that funding would be available for such a work as this. A publication of this type does raise some deeper questions. The Afrotropical Region is vast; the Democratic Republic of Congo alone is the size of Western Europe. Scythrididae tend to inhabit semi-arid areas and Africa is a pretty arid continent, so the complete Scythridid fauna must be enormous, perhaps several times the 307 species described. It was a daunting task which the author embarked upon, but he has made a start and some of the species encountered can now be named. It is pleasing to have a book to handle in a traditional way, but to an African worker the cost might amount to a month’s salary, even a museum or university in the Afrotropical Region might not be able to justify the outlay. Open access online publications, whilst less attractive to people of my generation, are certainly more likely to be consulted by someone working in Africa. We have a good grasp of the European fauna and it is natural for us to want to document the whole of life on earth, but the transition to tropical areas introduces a different order of scale; one wonders whether or not it can be achieved before that fauna is irretrievably damaged or destroyed. SOCIETAS EUROPAEA LEPIDOPTEROLOGICA e.V. Nota Lepidopterologica wird als wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift von der Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEE) herausgegeben und den Mitgliedern der SEE zugesandt. Autoren, die Manuskripte für die Publikation in der Nota Eepidopterologica einreichen möchten, finden die jeweils gültigen Autorenrichtlinien auf der Homepage der SEE unter http://www.soceurlep.eu. Der Verkauf von Einzelheften und älteren Jahrgängen von Nota lepidopterologica erfolgt durch das Antiquariat Goecke & Evers (Inh. Erich Bauer), Sportplatzweg 5, 75210 Keltern, Deutschland, E-Mail; books(^insecta.de (www.insecta.de, www.goeckeevers.de); der Buchhandelspreis beträgt € 100,00 pro Band. Die Mitgliedschaft bei der SEE steht Einzelpersonen und Vereinen nach Maßgabe der Satzung offen. Der Aufnahmeantrag ist an den Mit-gliedssekretar Willy De Prins, Dorpstraat 40 1 B, 3061 Eeefdaal, Belgien; e-mail: willy.de.prins(^telenet.be zu richten. Das Antrags- formular ist im Internet auf der Homepage der SEE erhältlich. Der Mitgliedsbeitrag ist jährlich am Jahresan- fang zu entrichten. Er beträgt für Einzelpersonen € 35,00 bzw. für Vereine € 45,00. Die Aufnahmegebühr beträgt € 2,50. Die Zahlung wird auf das SEE-Konto 19 56 50 507 bei der Postbank Köln (BEZ 370 100 50) erbeten (IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07; BIG: PBNKDEFF). Mitteilungen in Beitragsangelegenheit- en werden an den Schatzmeister Dr. Robert Trusch, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; e-mail: tmsch(^smnk.de erbeten. Adressenänderungen sollten umgehend dem Mitgliedssekretär oder dem Schatzmeister mitgeteilt werden. Published by the Societas Europaea Eepidopterologica (SEE), Nota Eepidopterologica is a scientific journal that members of SEE receive as part of their membership. Authors who would like to submit papers for pub- lication in Nota lepidopterologica are asked to take into consideration the relevant instructions for authors available on the SEE homepage at http://www.soceurlep.eu. Single and back issues of Nota lepidopterolog- ica can be obtained from Antiquariat Goecke & Evers (Prop. Erich Bauer), Sportplatzweg 5, 75210 Keltern, Germany, E-Mail: books@insecta.de (www.insecta.de, www.goeckeevers.de); price € 100,00 per volume. The membership is open to individuals and associations as provided for by the statutes of SEE. Applications for membership are to be addressed to the Membership Secretary Willy De Prins, Doipstraat 401 B, 3061 Eeefdaal, Belgium; e-mail; willy.de.prins@telenet.be. The application form is available on the SEE homep- age. The annual subscription is to be paid at the beginning of the year. It is 35.00 € for individuals or 45.00 € for associations. The admission fee is 2.50 €. Dues should be paid to SEE account no. 19 56 50 507 at Post- bank Köln [Cologne] (bank code 370 100 50; IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07; BIC; PBNKDEFF) or to local treasures as mentioned on the website. Communications related to membership contributions should be sent to the Treasurer Dr Robert Trusch, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; e-mail: trusch@smnk.de. Changes of addresses should be immediately communicated to the Membership Secretary or the Treasurer. Publié par la Societas Europaea Eepidopterologica (SEE), Nota Eepidopterologica est un périodique scien- tifique envoyé à tous les membres de la SEL. Les auteurs qui désirent publier des manuscrits dans la revue sont priés de tenir compte des Instructions aux auteurs disponibles sur le site Web de la SEL: http://www. soceurlep.eu. Les ventes de numéros supplémentaires ou d’anciens numéros de Nota lepidopterologica, ainsi que les ventes de numéros aux personnes n’étant pas membres de la SEL sont sous la responsabilité de Antiquariat Goecke & Evers (Erich Bauer, prop.), Sportplatzweg 5,75210 Keltern, Allemagne, courriel: books@insecta.de (www.insecta.de, www.goeckeevers.de); en librairie, le prix est de € 100,00 le volume. Tel que prévu dans ses statuts, les individus de même que les associations peuvent devenir membres de la SEL. Les demandes d’adhésion doivent être envoyées au Secrétaire responsable des adhésions, Willy De Prins, Dorpstraat 401 B, 3061 Eeefdaal, Belgique; courriel: willy.de.prins@telenet.be. Le fomiulaire d’adhésion est disponible sur le site Web de la SEL. L’adhésion se paie au début de l’année. Elle est de 35 € pour les indi vidus et de 45 € pour les associations. Les frais d’admission sont de 2,50 €. Les paiements peuvent être envoyés au compte de la SEL: no. 19 56 50 507, Postbank Köln [Cologne] (code bancaire 370 100 50; IBAN: DE63 3701 0050 0195 6505 07; BIC: PBNKDEFF) ou au trésorier local tel que mentionné sur le site Web. Toute question en rapport avec l’adhésion doit être envoyée au Trésorier, Dr. Robert Trus- ch, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; courriel; trusch@ smnk.de. Tout changement d’adresse doit être mentionné immédiatement au Secrétaire responsable des adhésions ou au Trésorier. Contents SMITHSONIAN LIBRARIES 3 9088 01799 4013 EThe authorship of the taxa in the paper of Lienig & Zeller, 1846 Reinhard Gaedike ŒThe biology of Gynnidomorpha permixtana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on Sagittaria trifolia L. (Alismataceae) in paddy fields in Iran Atousa Farahpour Haghani, Bijan Yaghoubi, Farzad Majidi-Shilsar, Naser Davatghar, LeifAarvik B Taxonomic comments on the treatment of the Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) in volume 3 of Moths of Europe^ Zygaenids, Pyralids 1 and Brachodids (2012) Konstantin A. Efetov, Axel Hofinann, Gerhard M. Tarmann, Walter Gerald Tremewan BNew data on the many-plumed moths (Alucitidae, Lepidoptera) of the Far East of Russia Peter Ustjuzhanin, Vasily Kovtunovich Cataclysme subtilisparsataWç\it\ï, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) recognized as bona species — an integrative approach Dirk Stadie, Axel Hausmann, Hossein Rajaei Sh. B Application of two molecular approaches (use of sex attractants and DNA barcoding) allowed to rediscover Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Procridinae), hitherto known only from the female holotype Konstantin A. Efetov, Axel Hofinann, Gerhard M. Farmann Phyllobrostis minoica sp. n. from Crete (Greece) — an expected discovery (Lepidoptera, Yponomeutoidea, Lyonetiidae) Wolfram Mey E Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part X: On two newly discovered Mesembrynas taxa from the western Alborz Axel Hofinann, Alireza Naderi Book Review: The Afrotropical Scythrididae, Esperiana Memoir 7 David Agassiz http://nl.pensoft.net